Gas Chromatography :: essays research papers

GasChromatographyPurpose The purpose of the gas chromatography lab is to find out how different substances interact with the surface of a solid. Chromatography is a separation technique that depends on the relative distribution of the components of a mixture between a erratic soma and a solid unmoving phase. Chromatography measures the tendency of a substance to interact with the surface of a solid or to remain in a mobile phase. When doing a chromatography lab the mobile phase has to be a substance that is either in a liquid or a gas state. In this lab the mobile phase was a gas, which is why this is called a gas chromatography lab. The different gases tested in this lab were CHCl3 and CH2Cl2. It is determined to what extent a gas interacts with the solid by injecting a known amount of the mobile gas into the carrier gas and then measuring the concentration that comes out at the end of the tug. From this there was a sensor that transferred the information to a computer were it was graphed. The tendency of the gas to interact with the solid is determined by the number of theoretical plates. A substance that interacts more potently with the surface of the solid leave alone take more time to be carried across the stationary phase.ProcedureThe pieces of a Gas Chromatograph are the gas supply, injector, newspaper column and the detector. The gas supply, or carrier gas, is the gas from the valves at the lab tables. First a coil had to be made out of copper, which would serve as the burner for the detective work system. A pipet was used as the column to put the solid stationary substance into. The solid phase in this experiment was Tide. The pipet was modify with Tide detergent and cotton was inserted in both end of the pipet. The column was then secured horizontally to a ring stand using clamps. The tip of the column should be in a vertical position. The copper coil is then placed in the vertical part of the column with the coil about 1/8 above the end of the column. It is important that the copper coil be placed at the right height because if it is too low the flame will not get enough air and if the copper is to high the flame will burn below the coil.

Japanese Internment in Canada Essay -- essays research papers

The core of the Japanese experience in Canada lies in the shameful and almost autocratic suspension of benevolent rights that the Canadian government committed during World War II. As a result, thousands of Japanese were uprooted to be imprisoned in internment camps miles extraneous from their homes. While only a small percentage of the Japanese living in Canada were actually matters of Japan, those who were Canadian born were, without any concrete evidence, continuously creation associated with a country that was nothing but foreign to them. Branded as enemy aliens, the Japanese Canadians soon came to the realization that their beloved nation harboured so more hate and anti-Asian sentiments that Canada was becoming just as foreign to them as Japan was. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese Canadians lost almost everything, including their livelihood. Their arrogance as a people was being seriously threatened. Without any proper thought, they were aware that resi stance against Canadas white majority would prove to be futile. racial discrimination had its biggest opportunity to fully reveal itself while the Japanese silently watched the civil disdain take action, the time slip by throughout the emptying and internment, and their daily lives simply fall apart at the seams.The term Canadian offered no redemption as the Japanese Canadians were involuntarily regarded as potential treats to national security by their own fellow citizens. In a country they knew only as home, the yellow race was a culture many mat up they could never accept with open arms. In essence, as the prejudice impelled the Japanese to enclose themselves in a separated society, they were decidedly doomed to abide a permanently alien, non-voting population. As visible minorities, the Japanese were easy targets for discrimination in every social aspect of their lives. In 1907, a race mutiny took place in a district called Little Tokyo in Vancouver. There, an estimated five thousand racist Canadians sought to destroy the homes and stores of the Asian community. By 1928, W.L. Mackenzie queen mole rat proposed that one hundred fifty Japanese immigrants be permitted to enter Canada each year to prevent future mishaps. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was merely a trigger point for the public distaste to truly emphasize itself. With such close relations with the United Sta... ... to all those who disliked them, and soon that same excogitation was being adopted by the Japanese minority.The Japanese Canadians had no other option but to endure the constant assaults to their social welfare. As aliens, they could only do so much in a country that was populated mostly by the white race. However, little did it upset them in the beginning, since they were still proud to be Canadian. When the public scorn, evacuation and internment took place, the Japanese were compelled to remain in a stagnant state as all they had earned through much trade union movement became s tripped away. After Pearl Harbor, their small and restricted world so abruptly collapsed that nothing would ever be the same again. The government lacked the courage and semipolitical will to refuse public opinion in British Columbia, and so chose the path of least resistance. Consequently, the Japanese became subjected to serious limitations of their civil liberties as citizens, and more importantly, human beings. The passing years, have brought overdue regrets and apologies, but the memory of the internment acts as a reminder that the denial of an entire races rights is never the solution.

Doing the Right Thing in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Doing the Right Thing in Hamlet When an individual has taken a legitimate course of action, who is to determine whether that action taken was serious or wrong? And what basis should the individual passing judgment use to decide whether that action was right or wrong? Should the individual passing judgment count the other individuals purpose or intent in taking the action, or should he consider the resulting consequences of the other individuals actions? If the individual passing judgment were to choose to do the first of these two alternatives, he would be taking a deontological stance, as compared to the later which describes the consequentialist opine. As Stephen J. Freeman explains, consequentialism is the belief that actions and/or rules are right as long as they produce the most favorable consequences for those affected by the actions or rules (Freeman 63). Consequentialists view the morality of a consequence in two aspects. One aspect is what is called honest egoism. Et hical egoism is the idea that morality is defined as playacting in ones own interest and in such a way as to maximize the consequences of good over bad (Freeman 49). In contrast to ethical egoism is utilitarianism. Utilitarianists view morality as when an action promotes the greatest balance of good over bad for all people. Utilitarianism is a teleological, goal-directed theory accent happiness as the end result of human action (Freeman 49). In Freemans book on ethics, he discusses Holmes proposal of two types of teleological ethical theories that cave in to these two differing consequentialist views. Holmes proposal is that of little and macro ethics. Micro ethics regards the happiness of the individual as the highest good and defines what is right as the action that maximizes that end. By definition, micro ethics is very similar to the belief of ethical egoism. On the other hand, macro ethics views happiness as the well-being of a group as a whole and defines what is right as the action that maximizes that end. As used here, a group can be those people of a specific city, state, nation, or race, and any particular group has greater importance than any particular individual or subgroup within it, because its good exceeds the sum of any and all of its part (Freeman 49). Those in support of macro ethics would justify the sacrifice of an individual or part within the group, as long as it brings about dear consequences for the group as a whole.

to have and have not :: essays research papers

My book is "To have and have not" by Ernest Hemingway. He is by far my favorite author, he is a bit racist though. He tells the story of Harry Morgan in this book. It is a dramatic peice of fiction that deals with trhe bulge of a mans choice bettween killing or letting his family starve. He does everything in his to feed his family. He begins rum- run bettween Cuba and Key West. That is the reason that his boat adds seized by the Coast Guard. He has this ship matewho he calls a certian word over and over. It is sad that life is so hard for him.     In part one Harry Morgan is running a fishing charter operation. He is inthe bar waiting for the charter to arrive. He is approached by 3 cubans who speak good english. They talk and they gather up him to take them some where I think Cuba. They offer him a thousand a peice he tells them he cant take them. The big one starts to get angry with him. He threatens to slit Harrys throat and thenhe calms down. Harr y tells them no and finially they head twoard the door. As they walked out the door a closed railway car drove up and had a shoot out with them they all were killed. Harry went down to the docks to wait at his boat for the charter but they were already on board. The charterer was a guy named Johnson and he brought a rummy along with him. Harry takes them fishing and they lose his equipment. When the next mourning comes Johnson is nowhere to be seen he skips oput on paying Morgan for the equipment or the bill.                                              This is where the plot complicates you see he now has no fishing buisness so he has to find another way to feed his family. So he does odd jobs here and there. He meets up with a man called Mr. Sing. He was a chink. He wanted Harry to transport something fo r him. He in addition wants harry to carry some men for him. Harry agrees and takes the two hundred dollars.

Ralph Waldo Emersons Transcendentalist Philosophy and Its Influence on

Ralph Waldo Emersons Transcendentalist Philosophy and Its Influence on Marg bet Fullers Feminist Philosophy Ralph Waldo Emerson was a leading thinker in the American Transcendentalist movement, who first-year proposed many of the movements most influential ideas regarding the relation between the human mind and the world. He believed each person to possess a spirit, a power within the self to uniquely perceive and understand the world, and grasp the intricate relationships between all things Emersons universe was infinitely knowable, and his ideal, independent soul should be in a state of constant consideration and reevaluation of the world around him. Emersons notion of the chief end of life was the growth and information of ones soul, and the maintenance of a constant state of learning and changing, of always becoming rather than simply being. He viewed cabaret as a fundamentally oppressive phenomenon, as it imprints itself upon ones soul and possesses the dictatorial capaci ty to hinder the souls crucial independent thought to Emerson, union was a conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. It loves not realities and creators but names and customs. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist, (Self-Reliance 1162). Self-reliance, the title of Emersons 1841 essay, advocates independent thought as a human ideal, above and beyond the confines of traditional, inexplicit society. Emersonian Transcendentalist thought influenced many other emerging figures, including the feminist thinker Margaret Fuller, who believed society, males and females alike, to be suffering from a lack of gender equality. Fuller took t... ...of minds, gains the capability of self-reliance. Emerson depicts his homeostatic society as governed by the tyranny of the fickle majority the sour faces of the multitude, like their sweet faces, have no deep cause,disguise no god, but are pu t on and off as the wind blows, and a newspaper directs. Yet is the discontent of the multitude more formidable than that of the senate and the college, (Self-Reliance 1164). This is paradoxical, in that the American good deal should ideally be free, but are instead manipulated by the tyrannical masses. If all Americans are governed by an oppressive majority, it seems that nobody is yet free. It would, therefore, follow, that some institutional or governmental reform should be necessary before anybody, man or woman, can be free enough to become self-reliant and, by dint of Emersonian ideals, change society internally.

Ralph Waldo Emersons Transcendentalist Philosophy and Its Influence on

Ralph Waldo Emersons Transcendentalist Philosophy and Its Influence on Margaret Fullers Feminist Philosophy Ralph Waldo Emerson was a preeminent thinker in the American Transcendentalist movement, who first proposed many of the movements most influential ideas regarding the relation between the military personnel mind and the world. He believed distributively person to possess a soul, a power within the self to uniquely perceive and understand the world, and grasp the intricate relationships between all things Emersons universe was infinitely knowable, and his ideal, independent soul should be in a state of constant consideration and reevaluation of the world around him. Emersons notion of the principal end of life was the growth and development of ones soul, and the maintenance of a constant state of learning and changing, of always becoming rather than but being. He viewed society as a fundamentally oppressive phenomenon, as it imprints itself upon ones soul and possesses t he dictatorial capacity to hinder the souls crucial independent thought to Emerson, society was a conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. It loves not realities and creators but names and customs. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist, (Self-Reliance 1162). Self-reliance, the title of Emersons 1841 essay, advocates independent thought as a human ideal, above and beyond the confines of traditional, unquestioning society. Emersonian Transcendentalist thought influenced many other emerging figures, including the feminist thinker Margaret Fuller, who believed society, males and females alike, to be suffering from a lack of sexuality equality. Fuller took t... ...of minds, gains the capability of self-reliance. Emerson depicts his homeostatic society as governed by the tyranny of the fickle majority the sour faces of the multitude, like their sweet faces, have no ambiguous cause,disguise no god, but are put on and off as the wind blows, and a newspaper directs. Yet is the discontent of the multitude more(prenominal) formidable than that of the senate and the college, (Self-Reliance 1164). This is paradoxical, in that the American people should ideally be complimentary, but are instead manipulated by the tyrannical masses. If all Americans are governed by an oppressive majority, it seems that nobody is yet free. It would, therefore, follow, that some institutional or governmental reform should be necessary before anybody, man or woman, can be free enough to become self-reliant and, through Emersonian ideals, change society internally.

Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie Essay

In the earlier society, not much notice was universe out to the American Indians. When they were subdued and put under reservation efforts, not much attention was given to them by the quite a little. They never really needed the attention, since even before it is cognize that they could provide for themselves nearly enough. But with the intervention of the white Americans, not much was left from their rich vast lands, and they were restricted solely in their reserves.Sherman Alexies mental reservation Blues was a take on the present situation of the American natives, the Indians at that time. It was an indirect way to showcase the problems and issues that these people were suffering at that time, and some(prenominal) ways that they are dealing with them, nonetheless getting supported by the government. But booking Blues is not about the guilt of the white people resulting from what they did to the American Indians. It isnt about the Rock and Roll career of an Indian band and their quest for fame and fortune. It was more on the search of the facts of life, for all races and skin colors. It is a take on peoples surviving skills, on how these Indians had to deal with hardships, while carrying heavy loads of disgrace and downgrading from other people in their backs.The poetry Father and Farther is a song that opens yet another chapter of the book Reservation Blues. It is more of a reflection of the life of these Native Americans. Here, the perspective is from a son who asks his father what their future holds for them. It is a reflection of their struggles, of how much more theyll entertain to supplanture in order to gain the life that they deserve, to be alleviate from the poor life.The speaker of this songs asks the father how far they should go to have a good life, that if they go farther will they really attain what they want. There are several comparisons made in this song, making an appeal to the emotions of those who will be reading the book. They first one is a comparison with a three-legged horse, who, consort to the person talking was putting out all his efforts yet never makes it to the finish line. This is a reflection of their situation, that no matter how hard they try, their efforts always end up going t waste.Another chapter is opened by the song whose name is the same as the title of the book, Reservation Blues. It is more of description of the lives creation lived by these people, and the things that they do to get by with this kind of life. It describes their poor life, how they have empty pockets being filled by their only resolve, the reservation blues. This is because they really have not much of a choice. They live their lives as is because they are left with poverty alone.There is not much of an opportunity for them, which usually leaves them penniless and hungry. It is by dint of this music, the reservation blues, which they get by from day to day. It is what removes their loneliness that they feel from the poor life that they are living. It shows yet another reality of life as reflected on the last line, saying that if they have no other choice, then they dont have much to lose. This is a manifestation of the feeling of worthlessness, as others find them. They were always looked down by other people, saying that they are good for nothing, and they have no real worth, that is why not much of an attention is being given to them.Reservation Blues songs were the songs that illustrate the mood of the story, wherein it goes with the whole storys intensity to match. It was merely an eye opener of what is about to unfold to the readers the much(prenominal) story of the feather-clad, pipe-smoking redskins, who fought for their lands and wished for a fair treatment, but had neither of them, everything stripped, except their pride and their capability to dream. This capability to dream could be an instrument to personal as well as societal success, as manifested by the Indian bands road to success how they were able to move along the topsy turvy road called life.ReferenceAlexie, Sherman. Reservation Blues. Warner Books, 1996.

Appiah Notes on “Identity, Authenticity, Survival”

SLIDE 2- QUESTIONS OF RECOGNITION ?APPIAH quotes CHARLES TAYLOR, asserting that recent kindly and political breeding and very much based off of questions of recognition. oIn our liberal society, we see recognition as a method to acknowledge several(prenominal)s and what we perceive to be their identities owe puzzle a notion from ethics of genuineness that sight redeem the right to be acknowledged publically as what they already really argon oWe deny people rights when society tells people to hide something ab bulge themselves and pretend to be something their not, such(prenominal) as being Jewish or gay. Discussion on recognition conflicts with the idea of an individuals authenticity and personal identity element. oIf what matters is my individual and authentic self, why is so much contemporary talk of identity round large categories- gender, ethnicity, nationality, race, sexuality- which come out so far from the individual. (149) othither is a disconnect between using e mbodied language such as this and the movement for an individual to have a modern notion of the self SLIDE 3-RUBRIC OF IDENTITY APPIAHT maintains TAYLORs defense to this phenomenon, and throughout this essay discusses features of TAYLORs story under three crucial rubrics- identity, authenticity, and survival. ?Identities whose recognition TAYLOR discusses are what we call corporal social identities, such as religion, gender, ethnicity, race, and sexuality. APPIAHT says these identities somewhat heterogeneous or diverse because they matter contraryly to people who subscribe to them in unlike bearings, but these are the major collective identities that demand recognition in North America. oHe uses the example of religion or of sexuality- both of which he says matter different to different people and are experienced in different ways at various stages of life. Connection between a persons individual identity, which is the focus of TAYLORS discussion, and these collective identities each persons identitiy is seen as having two major dimensions. There is a collective dimension- intersection of collective identities Also a personal dimension- consisting of other socially or morally important features, such as charm, intelligence, wit, that are not the basis of forms of collective identity (people who have these identities dont form a social group) SLIDE 4- RUBRIC OF AUTHENTICITY Uses this rubric to acknowledge the importance and connection between the two personal and collective identities oUses quote of TAYLOR to show the ideal of authenticity, there is a certain way of being that is my way. I am called upon to live my life in this way.. if I am not true to myself, I miss the point of my life. oTAYLOR justifies the politics of recognition, maintaining the oppositional aspects to authenticity that would complicate the picture because it focuses too sharply on the difference between the two levels of authenticity that the contemporary politics of recognition comb ine oAPPHIAT says TAYLOR/ HERDERs way of framing the issue doesnt pay enough attention to the connection between the originality of people and nations today the individual identity, which screams out for recognition, is likely to have what HERDER would have seen as a national identity as a component of its collective dimension. APPHIAT says being an Afri raft American is part of the authentic self he seeks to express. It is partly because he wants to express his self that he seeks recognition of an African American identity. Conflicts with TRILLING in this context because recognition as an African American means social acknowledgement of that collective identity, which requires both recognizing its existence and actually demonstrating respect for it.If in seeing himself as African American, APPHIAT resists white norms, mainstream American conventions, the racism of white culture, why would he ever seek recognition from others who are white? oIrony in the ways in which this bohemian ideal leads authenticity to require us to reject many components of our society. oSecondly, another problem with the bohemian ideal has components of errors of philosophical anthropology. It fails to see what TAYLOR recognizes as the way in which the self is dialogically constituted. Rhetoric of authenticity suggests not only that you have a way of being that is all your own, but in that developing it, you must fight against the family, organized religion, society, the school, and the state- all of the forces of convention this point is wrong in that It is in dialogue with others understandings of who you are that develops a concept of your own identity, but also because identity is created through concepts and practices made available to a person by religion, society, school, family and the state. Dialogue shapes the identity a person develops as they grow up and what TAYLOR calls language in a broad sense oOverall, APPHIAT claims that in every identity, there is a broader contex t that allows for a space in the other. He claims for example, African American identity is centrally shaped by American Society and its institutions, and it cant be seen as solely constructed within African-American communities. oHe claims a third problem with the measurement framing of authenticity if essentialism, which seems inherent in the way questions of authenticity are normally posed.After romanticism, the idea that the self is something that one creates so that every life should be a work of art this is his or her own greatest creation. Authenticity in politics should not be considered essentialist or monological. ?APPHIAT supposes that TAYLOR is content with the collective identities and this might be why he is less likely to make concessions to them. SLIDE 5- SURVIVAL RUBRIC ?TAYLOR argues that pluralism in societies will require us to exchange procedural liberalism.HE agrees that we should not accept the insistence on the uniform application of rules without exception and the suspicion of collective goals. We should not accept the insistence without the suspicion. There can be legit goals that would give up proceduralism. ?APPAHIAT acknowledges Taylors discussion of collective goals in multicultural states, but moves the focus on to say that the collective goals of society shouldnt be that the language or practice of a culture is eventually still happening, but that there should be a desire for the language and practice to be moved on from one generation to the next.EXAMPLE- Canada paying a group of unrelated people on an island in the south pacific to carry on French Canadian culture- this doesnt meet the need. ?In addition, there needs to be a goal to respecting the autonomy of future individuals. Sometimes children resist to practices that theyre families uphold, such as arranged marriages. In this case, the ethical principles of equal dignity that underlie liberal thinking seem to be against allowing parents to maintain their personal practi ces because we care about the autonomy of the children. If we create a culture that our descendants will want to hold on to- our culture will survive in them. He says we have to help children make themselves, and we have to do so according to our values because children do not begin with values of their own. He also claims that we must both appeal to and transmit values more substantial that a respect for liberal procedures. oEducation is run by government institutions on purpose for creating collective goals in social reproduction. ?APPHIAT agrees with TAYLORS objections to pure proceduralsim because of social reproduction. SLIDE 6- CONCLUSION Large collective identities that call for recognition come with notions of how a proper person of that kind behaves- there isnt one way that a group should behave, but there are modes of behavior. These notions provide loose norms and models which play a role in formative the life of those who make these collective identities central to thei r individual identities. oCollective identities provide scripts which are narratives that people can use in shaping their life plans and stories. oIn telling a persons story, how a person fits into the wider story of various collectivities is important.Many identities fit each individual story into a larger narrative. oToday, it is widely agreed upon that insults to collective or individual identities are seriously wrong. oEthics of authenticity requires us to express who we really are, they further demands recognition in social life. Because there is no reason to treat people of identities badly, there should be cultural work to resist the stereotypes, to challenge insults, and to lift restrictions. oIn order to construct a life with dignity, take the collective identities and construct positively charged life scripts instead

Enders Game Essay

Human beings are free except when humanity needs them. Maybe humanity needs you. To do something. Maybe humanity needs meto find out what youre unafraid for. We might both do despicable things, Ender, but if humankind survives, then we were good tools.Graff is explaining to Ender the philosophy behind everything they are doing. Although Ender does not know it at the time, this is the same reasoning that the adults will use to manipulate the children time and time again. Ender objects to this idea, because he believes that wad are more than just tools, but nevertheless it is the pervading ideology of the I.F. throughout the book. This philosophy justifies doing terrible things in the name of humanity, and it also means that individuals will feel to make awful sacrifices for their species.In the sec when I truly control my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him. I think its impossible to really understand somebody, what they want, what they believe, and not love them the way they love themselves.Ender is telling Valentine wherefore he hates himself. He is able to understand his enemies better than anyone else, but once he understands them he destroys them. With such tremendous empathy, even in coming to understand his worst enemies Ender loves them. This means that when he crushes them he is hurting himself in the process. Ender does not want to have enemies, so that he will not be force to hurt anybody. He will love even those who seem to be his most bitter enemies when he properly understands them. But in the situations Ender has been in he has no choice other than destroying those enemies. At the end of the book, when Ender comes to truly understand the buggers, he is able to try to help them. He has already done them bang-up harm, but now he roll in the hay be happy because he has a chance to undo what he did to them.So the whole war is because we cant talk to each other.If the other fellow cant tell you his story, you can never be sure he isnt essay to kill you.What if we just left them alone?Ender, we didnt go to them first, they came to us. If they were going to leave us alone, they could have done it a hundred years ago, in front the First Invasion.Maybe they didnt know we were intelligent life. MaybeThis conversation occurs when Graff tells Ender his theory of why they are at war with the buggers. Graff tells Ender that since the buggers communicate through thought, they believably cannot understand that humans are thinking beings. Ender therefore wants to know why this cannot be remedied.

Be Not Afraid of Goodness

While hearing some talks by Cardinal Mario Bergoglio during the previous hebdomad of the Popes election, it was mention the word coprophilia as a common reaction by mess in front of certain information. This was an answer do to LaStampa. it, an Italian Online Newspaper, about the sensationalist journalism that often publishes scandals about the Catholic Church (qtd. in Tornielli n. pag. ). He explained that this kind of journalism is a result of a sickness c all tolded coprophilia, something that most of journalists are in danger to get and by them, mess in danger to swear coprophagy, a common sin that marks all women and men (qtd. n Tornielli n. pag. ). After a week, this Cardinal was elected as the new Pope of the Catholic Church. In the moment I heard about him, I run to go out those words meaning. I discovered that Merriam-Webster Online defines coprophilia as marked interest in excrement (n. pag. ) and coprophagy as eating of feces that is normal behavior among universey animals (n. pag. ). Therefore, I started to think about the meaning of those words in context of Cardinal Bergoglios answer, directly Holy commence Pope Francis.What did he mean about people sick of coprophilia and committing coprophagy when we talk about the scandals of the Catholic Church? Fortunately, the bomb of discussion about the new Popes election and peoples perceptions and comments about him as man and Catholic leader answered my questions. He meant that coprophilia is the peoples tendency and journalists, as main source of information to look for the worst part of something in a morbid way, placing the good aside that makes people receptors to commit coprophagy by consuming that negative perspective.Once the Holy Father Pope Francis gave his first words to his people, most of Catholics realized that he was a truly humble man who just asks us to pray for him and for each other. In his Homily for inaugural Mass of Petrine Ministry, he mentioned several important fac ts directed to not just Catholics, but also to all the Governors who were present there in Saint Peter Square, Vatican. He state, Let us never forget that sure power is service, and that the Pope too, when exercising power, must enter ever more fully into that service which has its radiant culmination on the Cross Holy Father Pope Francis n. pag. ). Also he explained, We must not be afraid of goodness, of tenderness because tenderness is not the virtue of the weak but rather a sign of strength of spirit and a capacity for concern, for compassion, for genuine openness to others, for love (n. pag. ). Those words opened mine mind and heart deeply I could not believe that simple words like his could move me so much. I felt very happy and inspired by him and wanted to find more information about him and his previous talks and writings as Cardinal.Nevertheless, those nice feelings were shocked by horrible information about him just typing his name on Google. There were several news abou t him as a participant priest of the Argentinean dictatorship during 1976-1983, as well as accusations of misogynistic activeness because of some things he supposedly said about womens incapacities in a conference. Not wanting to trust that information, I started to ask people. Sadly, I constitute most of them with the knowledge about the unfounded internet accusations, but not about what he has said about service and tenderness.It was then that I apprehended deeply how people, journalists as the first source of communication, have an excessive interest on the secret or bad aspects of any news and deny people the very good information they can get, as the whole inspiration I received upon initially reading the Popes words. After meddling on Google and asking people, I started to dig a little bit on certain reliable information. Fortunately, I found that the new Popes supposed participation in the dictatorship were false accusations based on pictures of him, from his back, giving the communion to General Videla Dictator Argentinean President.The picture showed an old thin man as priest, but that year, he was 26 years old, so he could not be that man. Other sources showed as well that people who were imprisoned because of him stated publicly that he was not involved with dictatorship actions. About misogynistic declarations of women in a conference, a program of Eternal Word Television Network did a search about that conference of Cardinal Bergoglio talking about womens incapacities and recurred directly to the only source that was accusing him, and it resulted that they have said that from a hayseed forum commentary made by an atheist person who hated the Catholic Church.That person did not have any fundament for saying that. Sadly, all of this false information was spread quickly and most of people were consuming those arguments easily. All this experience made me grow in the way of evaluating mass information, I discovered that despite the fact somethin g could be really good, like the thoughts of Holy Father Pope Francis that everybody can take advantage of, there will be a dangerous filter which will try to show us the worst part of it.However, that is not because of evil journalists, is because of peoples consumption. In general, people do not care about the true behind information just pay attention to the secret and bad things can be said about something. Therefore, being critical while reading and willing to find the truth, could give us enormous benefits allowing us to know the best part of everything fetching care of our minds and hearts.

Human Resources Code of Ethics Essay

MessageI am thrilled to join follow Xs management team. My colleagues pull in been stellar in providing me give and helping me accilmate to the organizational culture, which is different from what I am accustomed to.I have encountered my first ch totallyenge, a challenge that is incumbent that I bring to your aid along with terzetto detailed solutions, inclusive of attractive and detractive aspects of each. It is also important that I sh be with you the methodology I employed to arrive at these conclusions, since it is reasonable for you to have access to and test the methodology employed to engender these solutions. I leave behind also recommend to you an appropriate hunt of action.Separately, I will present a report, which will report the findings of an analysis that I conducted on our companys ethical decision-making offshoot. This report will include strategies to mitigate against concerns I will have raised in the memorandum. I will also discuss the process of creating a code of ethics that will provide for employee development through ethical decision making and continued company revenue growth.Production ConcernCompany X is the ingester in the production of chat up whistles for children the world over. Our principal production plant is located within the United States and, naturally, is under the purview of production guidelines set forth by the U.S. government.The tone-assurance department of late informed me of a production retire that has arisen. Toy whistles that have been manufactured and be on schedule for shipment undergo an arduous testing process to ensure that theconstitution of each short-change meets federal regulations. Toy whistles that will be shipped to South American countries have, unfortunately, failed lead-level requirements they atomic number 18 slightly higher in lead than what is jurally tolerable. Our company has decisions to view about how we organise this considerable concern.After analysis, col pressation w ith team members, and sufficient reflection, I have developed three solutions to address this concern. Each solution has attractive and detractive aspects, both of which I will discuss. Ethical, good, and financial considerations must be made with all solutions. reply 1 abjure shipment Re-produce Toy WhistlesAt current lead levels, the toy whistle would not be shipped to customers. The entire production process would re-apply, which includes re-securing the raw materials necessary to make replacement whistles, re-producing those whistles through the production process, and commissioning the quality-assurance department to verify that the whistles meet all federal guidelines for selling and consumption. It will also be important that the quality-assurance department provide a quality verification of its own processes. Such a verification will be necessary, since antecedent quality processes failed to identify the higher-than-normal lead levels of our toy whistles.Solution 1 Explana tion of Method Used to Select SolutionA combination of brainstorming and SWOT analysis were employed to determine three solutions for our companys quandary. The brainstorming process involved three team members who look backed the situation and offered ideasany ideasas solutions. Each team member produced two ideas, totaling half-dozen possible solutions. The by-line is a breakdown of submissions by team membersBob Jones Celine Jiles Patti DurantStop Production Adjust execute Levels Continue Production Bribe inappropriate andDomestic Government Stop Production Offer Different Product Stop Production Make Plastic Whistles Continue Production Ignore Lead Levels Stop Production Close BusinessA SWOT analysis was performed on each decision alternative to test its integrity. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (Bradford, Duncan, & Tarcy, 2000). The goal is to fall the possible responses to those that require attention.Bob Jones Solution AStrength s Legal and ethical approach to doing business. Promotes high levels of customer service. Holds all parties accountable for their actions due to process review and refinement.Weaknesses Delayed production. Poor customer-satisfaction surveys in the short term. Costly to hold up production.Opportunities Favorable contract renegotiation if determined process failure with supplier. manageable acquisition of natural customers if mitigative steps made known.Threats Possible government intervention if lead levels are exposed. Possible customer revolt if mitigative steps to lead levels not perceived correctly. Customer churnpossibly to competitordue to production delay. Board of directors overhaul of C-level managementBased on these considerations, Solution A is a viable candidate for resolution.Bob Jones Solution BStrengths No delay in production. Customer satisfaction not harmed. Foreign government receptive to bribes. No disruption to revenue.Weaknesses Domestic government not receptiv e to bribing. Massive cost due to bribing. No consideration for customer health. Short-term solution. Socially irresponsible course of action.Opportunities Short-term customer growth. Relationship-building with alien government.Threats Considerable legal actions from both domestic and extraneous government if not receptive bribes. Possible legal threats from customers.The costs associated with Solution A indicate that it is not a viable solution.Celine Jiles Solution AStrengths Legal and ethical approach to doing business. Promotes high levels of customer service due to considering customers health. Holds all parties accountable for their actions due to process review and refinement.Weaknesses Massive delays in production. Abrogation of contract with current supplier. Extensive training costs for newborn products. Extensive project-management costs to deploy new product. Substantial outgrowth in customer churn due to offering different product. Possible negative press in foreign market. Possible domestic layoffs due to change in product.Opportunities New streams of revenue due to new product. New streams of customers due to new-product demand. New, lower cost contracts with new suppliers. Possible employment of foreign workers to replace costly domestic workers.Threats Legal threats from current employees subject layoff. Possible customer revolt if competitor unable to make up for our departure from whistle market. Increased regulatory scrutiny possible based on new product. Intractable board of directors.Based on these considerations, Solution A is a viable candidate for resolution.Celine Jiles Solution BStrengths Minimal delay in production. Avoid lead-level requirements. Safter products for customers, thereby increasing customer satisfaction. Avoid legal issues from foreign and domestic governments. Contract abrogation with supplier if process failure due to supplier. Socially responsible course of action.Weaknesses Contract abrogation with existing supp lier if Company X process failure. Short-term customer dissatisfaction due to minimal production delay. Training for production of new whistles. Costly process refinements.Opportunities Possible acquisition of new customers. Long-term customer growth. Possibly reduced prices with contract negotiations for new suppliers. If process adjustments made public, possible acquisition of customers in other countries.Threats Minimal threat of legal action from domestic or foreign governments due to initlal lead-level failures. Minimal threat of substantial customer churn.The strengths of Solution B indicate that is viable enough to be considered. Patti Durant Solution AStrengths Reduced production costs. Short-term customer satisfaction due to on-time delivery. Possible increased customer acquisition.Weaknesses Very short-term solution. Disregard for long-term customer health. Disregard for domestic legal mandates. Socially irreponsible course of action. Long-term profit loss. High customer churn in long term.Opportunities Short-term increase in streams of revenue.Threats Extensive legal threats from public and private sector. Abrogation of current contracts iminent. Long-term erosion of shareholder confidence.Solution A should not be raise considered due to the blantant disregard for customer safety.Patti Durant Solution BStrengths Regard for customer health.Weaknesses Total loss of all revenue and profit.Opportunities No known opportunities.Threats Possible legal action from suppliers, employees, customers, and governments due to abrogation of contracts, inability to pay out on employee pensions, or willfully missed customer demand.Solution B is unquestionably not worthy of further consideration.Solution 1 Advantages and DisadvantagesThe important advantage this solution offers is that our toy whistles lead levels will not detrimentally influence the health of our customers. Our acknowledgment of this issue will allow our company to take mitigative actions before t he whistles are in the hands of our consumers.Another advantage of this solution is that our customers will be unaware that there could have been an issue with the whistles. Our consumers ignorance allows our company to avoid a public-relations concern or public excoriation of our product and company brand. There are no government mandates that our company must disclose these sorts of issues if they are discovered before being delivered to our customers.An important disadvantage to this solution is that the investigative process and result process refinements will prove costly and timely. It is evident that a production and service failure has occurred, since our whistles lead levels currently contravene United States legislative mandates however, we are not certain where in the supply chain this failure has occurred. Unnecessary people-power must be devoted to resolving this issue sufficiently to prevent issues in the similitude of this one.Another disadvantage to this solution is the effect it will have on employee morale. To be specific, the judgment of the managers of these processes is dubious and will have to be investigated. It is genuine that coaching and development, inclusive of corrective action, will have to be meted to all parties involved in this situation. And because of the cost of resolving this matter, some managers and their employees may have to have their employment terminated. No matter how delicately the corrective action will be handled, other employees will inevitable respond negatively. This situation may upgrade discussions of unionization. It may engender unnecessary employee churn. Or for those who have their employment terminated as a result of our investigation, it may very well involve contending against ex-employee litigation for perceived wrongful termination, which will involve government agencies and their investigations.Solution 1 Ethical ConsiderationsThis solution is an ethically viable option. The reason is that the lead levels prescribed by the federal government are ostensibly predicated on customer saftey and, if more stringent, supersede lead-level requirements of the target country. Providing customers, especially young children, with high-lead toys is immediately unethical and demonstrates a disjuncture from social responsibility.Solution 1 Financial ConsiderationsThis solution, however, is the most costly and will make profit from these sales impossible unless we increase the price of the toy whistles. Thefollowing are cost considerations of this solution1. Vetting Raw-Material Supplier It is possible that the raw materials that we obtain from our supplier do not possess the integrity that we expect, which would cause products to fail quality verfifcations. An audit would be required of the supplier. This audit would entail the following costs a. On-site inspections $10,000, inclusive of labor costs and travel expenditures b. Report of findings $5,000, inclusive of labor costs of present ing the findings c. Negative findings $10,000, inclusive of replacing and contracting with a different raw-materials supplier. d. Positive findings $15,000, inclusive of sunk costs of on-site inspections and reporting of findings (since no issue would have been with the supplier)2. Vetting Production Processes There may be deficiencies in the production process that cause higher levels of lead to result in our products. Here are the costs associated with this vetting e. Departmental inspections $7,000, inclusive of labor costs f. Report of findings $5,000, inclusive of labor costs of presenting the findings g. Negative findings $50,000, inclusive of making process adjustments, training on new processes, and follow-up labor costs h. Positive findings $12,000, inclusive of sunk costs of inspections and reporting of findings.As easily noted, the costs of making process changes are considerable. However, the costs of these changes should not, by themselves, be an impetus to continue to produce high-lead toy whistles.

Education and Economics Essay

I. Introduction The conventional theory of human big(p) developed by Becker (1962) and Mincer (1974) views breeding and training as the major sources of human capital accumulation that, in turn, find direct and positive effect on exclusives life time earnings. In the Mincerian earning function, the coefficient of school geezerhood indicates the returns to education, i. e. , how much asset in earnings takes place with an additional school division. in that location exists a wide range of literature that estimated the accounts of returns to education for different countries Pascharapoulos (1980 1985 and 1994) Pascharapoulos and Chu Ng (1992)1.In Pakistan, approximately of the nationally representative house score examines do not contain t for each oneing on uncertains, such as, completed geezerhood of knowledge, age starting signal school, literacy and numeracy skills, quality of shoal, and proficient foul training. Due to the unavailability of completed school ag e, one tail neither compute the potential pick up nor observe the effect of an additional year of culture on individual earnings. Therefore, the operable literature in Pakistan is lacking in estimating the returns to education by using the Mincerian earning function2.In youthful years, the government of Pakistan has started nation-wide tidy sum, Pakistan coordinated mansion purview (PIHS), to address the imbalances in the social field. This survey ? The authors be Senior Research Economist and Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development political economy (PIDE) Islamabad. 1 Pascharapoulos (1994) provide a comprehensive update of the estimated rates of returns to education at a global scale. He observed high social and buck offstage profitability of primary education (18%and 9% respectively) in all regions of valet de chambre.The private rate of returns at this aim were free-base highest in Asia (39%) as comp bed to other regions. He also noted a consi derable increase in total earnings by an additional year of education in all regions of world 13% in Sub-Saharan Africa 10% in Asia 12% in Europe/Middle East/North Africa and 12% in Latin the States/Caribbean. 2 At national level, save two studies are available in Pakistan that apply the Mincerian earning function approach to discover the returns to education see Shabbir and Khan (1991) and Shabbir (1994).However, twain these studies are based on twenty years old data set. 2 provides rich information on the above mentioned variables that were missing in the precedent household surveys. This study uses the data of PIHS to examine the returns to education by using Mincerian earning function and and so aims to fill the vacuum that, repayable to the lack of appropriate data, exists in the literature on returns to education in Pakistan. In this paper we will first estimate the earning function with continuous school years with the assumption of identical rate of returns for all s chool years.It is argued that different school years total different skills therefore we extend our analysis to examine the addition in earning associated with unneeded years of instruction at different levels of education, i. e. , how much increase in earnings takes place with an s brookty year of schooling at different levels, such as, primary, middle, matric, intermediate, bachelors and masters. By doing so we overcome the problem that exists in the available literature in Pakistan.To our knowledge no study has yet adopted this method to examine the returns to education in Pakistan3. The impact of expert training and school quality on the earnings of fixed salaried and wage earners will be examined in this study. Based on the available data in Pakistan, most of the studies, for example, Haque (1977), Hamdani (1977), Guisinger et al (1984), Khan and Irfan (1985), Ahmad, et al (1991) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) estimated the earning functions by defining th e skunk variables for different levels of education4.These studies observe pocket-size rates of returns at different levels of education as compared to other developing countries. However, a positive association between levels of education and earnings and an inverse descent between the degree of income in equaliseity and educational attainment has been noted. In localise to examine the inter- 3 Most of the studies on returns to education in Pakistan employ poop variables for different levels of education where the rates of returns at different levels of education are computed by the estimated coefficients.4 In Pakistan, the data on education in most of the nationally representative household surveys have been reported in discrete form that denotes the completion of different levels of education, such as, primary but incomplete middle, middle and incomplete matric, and so on. 3 provincial differentials in returns to education, Shabbir and Khan (1991) estimated the Mincerian ea rning function by using a nationally representative sample, careworn from the of Population, Labour Force and Migration Survey (1979) for the literate wage earners and salaried males.Later Shabbir (1994) estimated the earning function on the extended sample of the same data set. These studies assemble 7 to 8 portion increase in earnings with an additional year of schooling. Although the allows are lucid with those of comparable LDCs but may not reflect the recent developments in Pakistans economy as these studies are based on the data set which are 20 years old now. Since 1979, the economy of Pakistan has passed done confused changes, especially after the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programme in late 1980s.For example, the literacy rate has increased from 26 part to 45 part and enrolment at primary level has increased by 67 share. Public and household expenditures on education have also increased Economic Survey (1998-99). Moreover, due to the fiscal constraints , the employment opportunities in the habitual celestial sphere have started shrinking and the economy is moving towards much openness with stronger role of private sector in recent years. In this scenario, it becomes imperative to re-test the role of human capital as both private and globe sectors are moving towards more force and productivity.This study is important from tether standpoints. First, in order to estimate the effect of education on earnings, the most recent and nationally representative household survey data is used which provides detailed information on the variables that were missing in previous surveys. Second, it uses the splines of education in the earning function to examine the additional earnings associated with extra school years at different levels. Third, this study investigates the role of some important factors such as, technical training, school quality, and literacy and numeracy skills on earnings for the first time.4 The rest of the paper is orga nised as fol commencements section 2 presents an overview of the education sector. Section 3 outlines the present for empirical estimation and describes data. Section 4 reports the results. Conclusions and indemnity Implications are presented in the last Section. II. The Education Sector in Pakistan An Overview Education plays an important role in human capital formation. It raises the productivity and efficiency of individuals and thus produces skilled manpower that is capable of leading the economy towards the path of sustainable economic development.Like many other developing countries, the situation of the education sector in Pakistan is not very encouraging. The low enrolment rates at the primary level, wide disparities between regions and gender, lack of trained t all(prenominal)ers, deficiency of proper command materials and poor physical base of operations of schools indicate the poor performance of this sector. The overall literacy rate for 1997-98 was estimated at 40 p ercent 51 percent for males and 28 percent for females 60 percent in urban areas and 30 percent in rural areas. These rates are still among the lowest in the world.Due to various measures in recent years, the enrolment rates have increased considerably. However, the high drop-out rate could not be controlled at primary level. Moreover, under-utilisation of the existing educational fundament can be seen through low student-institution ratio, (almost 18 students per class per institution) low teacher-institution ratio (2 teachers per institution) and high studentteacher ratio (46 students per teacher). The extremely low levels of public investment are the major cause of the poor performance of Pakistans education sector.Public expenditure on education remained less(prenominal) than 2 percent of GNP beforehand 1984-85. In recent years it has increased to 2. 2 percent. In addition, the allocation of government funds is skewed towards high education so that the benefits of public rewa rd on education are largely reaped by the upper income class. Many of the highly educated 5 go abroad either for higher education or in search of better job opportunities. Most of them do not return and cause a large public loss. After mid-1980s, each government announced special programs for the improvement of the education sector.However, due to the political instability, none of these programs could achieve their targets. The Social Action Program was launched in early mid-nineties to address the imbalances in the social sector. This program aims to enhance education to improve school environment by providing trained teachers, teaching aids and quality textbook books and to reduce gender and regional disparities. The Phase-I of SAP (1993-96) has been completed and Phase-II is in progress. The gains from the Phase-I are still debatable because the rise in enrolment ratio has not been confirm by the independent sources.Irrespective of this outcome, government has started work on P hase-II of SAP. In this Phase, government is paying special attention to promote technical and vocational education, expanding higher education in public as well as in the private sector, enhancing computer literacy, promoting scientific education, and improving curriculum for schools and teachers training institutions in addition to promoting primary and secondary education. Due to low levels of educational attainment and lack of technical and vocational education, Pakistans fag market is dominated by less educated and unskilled manpower.A considerable rise in the number of educational institutions and enrolment after 1980s is not yet reflected in Pakistans labour market. This might be due to the fact that most of the bachelors and masters degree programmes emphasise only on pedantic education without developing specific skills. The sluggish demand for the graduates of these programs in the job markets leads to unemployment among the educated and the job market remains dominated by the less educated. In this scenario, it becomes important to explore the role of education for the economic benefit of individuals.6 III. Theoretical Model and Estimation Methodology We start with the human capital model developed by Becker (1964) and Mincer (1974) where natural logarithm of periodic earnings are the linear function of completed school years, experience and its square. In mathematical form the equation can be written as ln Wi = ? 0 + ? 1 EDU i + ? 2 EXPi + ? 3 ( EXPi ) 2 + Ui (1) where ln Wi stands for natural logarithm of monthly earnings, EDUi represents completed years of schooling, and EXPi is the labor market experience of ith individual.?1 implies the marginal rate of return to schooling. A positive survey of ? 2 and negative value of ? 3 reflects the concavity of the earning function with respect to experience. Ui is the error term, assumed to be normally and identically distributed. It has been argued in the literature that different school years impar t different skills and hence affect earnings differently. Therefore, it is misleading to assume a uniform rate of return for all educational levels. Most of the previous studies used close up variables to set about the effect of different levels of education.In order to examine the effect of school years at different levels of education, van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) divided the years of schooling according to the school formations of Cote d Ivore. Similarly Khandker (1990) also used years of primary, secondary and post-secondary schooling in wage function for Peru. Both studies found prodigious differences in returns to education at different levels of education. Following van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989), we divide the school years into seven categories according to the education system of Pakistan.In Pakistan, the primary education consists of 5 years of schooling middle requires 3 more years and by completing 2 more years of schooling after middle, an individual obtai ns a secondary school certificate i. e. , Matric. After matric , i. e. , 10 years of schooling, students have a choice between technical and semiformal education. Technical education 7 can be obtained from technical institutions which award diploma after 3 years of education while the certificate of intermediate can be obtained after two years of formal education.After the completion of intermediate certificate, students can enter either in the sea captain colleges for four years or in non-professional bachelors degree program for two years in a college. Those who choose non-professional degree can pursue their studies in a university for masters for two more years. At this stage the graduates of professional and non-professional colleges complete 16 years of education. They can now proceed to the M. Phil. or Ph. D. degrees. In order to examine the returns to education at different splines of education, we estimate the following extended earning function. ln Wi = ? 0 + ? 1Yrs Pr imi + ?2 YrsMid i + ? 3YrsMati + ? 4 YrsInteri + ? 5 YrsBAi + (2) ? 6 Yrs Pr of i + ? 7 EXPi + ? 8 ( EXPi ) 2 + Ui where YrsPrim, YrsMid, YrsMat YrsInter YrsBA Yrs professor are defined as YrsPrim = D5EDUi YrsMid = D8EDUi YrsMat = D10EDUi YrsInter = D12EDUi YrsBA = D14EDUi YrsProf = D16EDUi where D5 = 1 if where D8 = 1 if where D10 = 1 if where D12 = 1 if where D14 = 1 if where D16 = 1 if 0 EDU ? 5 5 EDU ? 8 8 EDU ? 10 10 EDU ? 12 12 EDU ? 14 EDU 14 The coefficients associated with YrsPrim, YrsMid, YrsMat YrsInter YrsBA YrsProf in equation 2 imply an increase in income with one year increase in education at respective levels.For example, the returns to five completed years of education at primary level will be 5*? 1. Similarly, the returns to for six, seven and eighter of education will be 5*? 1+? 2, 5*? 1+2? 2, and 5*? 1+3? 2 respectively. On the same lines we can compute the returns to education at each level as 8 Returns to Primary =5*? 1 Returns to Middle =5*? 1+3*? 2 Returns to Matric= 5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 Returns to Intermediate=5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 Returns to Bachelors =5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 +2*? 5 Returns to MA/Prof=5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 +2*? 5 +2*?6 The data are cadaverous from the nationally representative Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 1995-96. In order to assess the performance of the Social Action Programme (SAP), the government of Pakistan has launched the series of Pakistan Integrated Household Surveys (PIHS), a collaborative nation wide data collection effort undertaken by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS). So far two rounds have been completed. The first round of the PIHS is different from other round on two counts. Firstly, the information on employment and wages is available only in this round.Secondly, only 33 percent of the sample used in the first round is being repeated in the subsequent rounds. This implies that all of these rounds are independent crosswise data sets and can not be properly linked with each other t o be used as panel data. Therefore, the appropriate sample can only be drawn from the first round of PIHS. This round was conducted in 1995-96, which covers 12,622 households and more than 84,000 individuals. The 1995-96 PIHS provides a detailed information on completed school years5. In addition, this survey contains information on age started school.This information is particularly important for our study to calculate the potential experience of a worker. The indicator for experience used by Mincer (1974) is a good proxy for U. S. workers as they start school at the uniform age of six years6. However, this assumption does not hold in Pakistan, as in this country there is no uniform age to start school. In urban areas, children as young as three years start going to school whereas in rural 5 This is the only nation-wide data set that provides this particular information.Similarly no other survey contains information on public and private school attendence and year starting school. 6 Mincer defined experience as (Age-education-6). 9 areas the school starting age is higher. 7 This information enables us to construct potential experience as (age-schools years-age starting school). Although experience is still a proxy for essential experience but it is relatively better measure than age and the Mincer type potential experience. In addition to education and experience, various other factors, such as quality of schooling, technical training and quality of schooling have significant impact on earning8.It has been argued that because of the market-oriented approach adopted by the private schools, the graduates of these schools earn more as compared to the graduates of public schools9. According to geta (1992), Behrman, Ross, clog dance and Tropp (1994), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996a), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996b), and Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997), the quality of education has positive, significant and substantial impact on cognitive achievements and hence on post school productivity, measured by earnings.These studies observed higher earnings of the graduates of high quality school than those who attended a low quality school. A recent study by Nasir (1999) found considerably higher earnings for the private school graduates. These schools, however, charge higher fees. Estimates of average one-year expenditure per pupil in both government and private schools indicates that the total cost of primary level in rural areas is Rs. 437 (Rs 355 for government schools and Rs. 1252 for private schools), compared with Rs. 2038 in urban areas (Rs.1315 for government and Rs. 3478 for private schools). This means that the cost of primary schooling is almost three times that of public schools in urban 7 The anaesthetise of age starting school has been highlighted by Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) and because of the nonavailability of this information, they used age as proxy for experience. 8 See Summers and Wolf (1977) Rizzuto a nd Wachtel (1980) Behrman and Birdsall (1983) Booissiere, Knight and Sabot (1985) Knight and Sabot (1990)Behrman, Ross, Sabot, and Tropp (1994) Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997).9 Various studies found the effectiveness of private schools to acquire cognitive skills Colemen, Hoffer and Kilgore (1982) and Jimenez, Lockheed, Luna and Paqueo (1989). For Pakistan, Sabot (1992), Behrman, Ross, Sabot and Tropp (1994), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996a), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996b), and Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997) found a significant variation in the cognitive skills among children with same number of school years. These studies conclude that some of the differences are due to the family characteristics while some are due to the quality of schooling. 10.areas and nearly four times in rural areas. The differences in cost of schooling also reflect the degree of quality differentials in public and private schools, and between urban and rural schools. A relativ ely better provision of school facilities and quality of education in private schools is causing a continuous rise in school enrolment in urban areas Mehmood (1999) page 20. The PIHS provides information on the type of school attended10. On the basis of this information we can identify workers according to the school they attended and therefore examine the effect of type of school on individual earnings.In order to capture the quality of education an individual received, a dummy variable is included in the model that takes the value 1 if individual is a graduate of private schools and 0 otherwise. The effect of post-school training on earning has been found positive and substantial in many developing countries see Jimenez and Kugler (1987) van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) Khandker (1990) and Nasir (1999). The PIHS contains information on years of technical training. This information helps us to examine the effect of technical training received on individual earnings.We use complet ed years of technical training as independent variable in the earning function. The existence of vast gender gap in human capital accumulation is evidenced by various studies in Pakistan11. The PIHS reports vast gender disparities in literacy and enrolment rates. The literacy rate among females is half than that of males literacy rate for whole Pakistan. This difference has increased to three-folds for rural areas. The gender difference is however little for the gross enrolment rate at primary level. For the higher levels of education, this difference 10.The coefficient of private school may also capture the effect of socio-economic background of workers. The data, however, does not contain such information, therefore we are unable to separate the effect of parental characteristics from the effect of private schools in workers earnings. 11 Sabot (1992) and Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996b) Sawada (1997) Shabbir (1993) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) 11 shows an increasing trend. Similarly vast gender gap has been observed in returns to education where males earn more than the female workers Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b and 1996) and Nasir (1999).In order to capture the effect of gender, a dummy variable is introduced in the model that takes the value 1 for males and 0 otherwise. The regional imbalances in the provision of limited available social services are more pronounced in Pakistan. Rural areas are not only underdeveloped in terms of physical infrastructure but also neglected in gaining basic amenities. Haq (1997) calculated the disaggregated human development index for Pakistan and its provinces. He noted that nearly 56 percent of commonwealth is deprived of basic amenities of life in Pakistan 58 percent in rural areas and 48 percent in urban areas.According to the 1995-96 PIHS, the literacy rate in urban areas is 57 percent and in rural areas it is 31 percent. The gross enrolment rate was noted 92 percent in urban areas and 68 percent in rural areas. Because of these differences low returns to education are observed in rural areas Shabbir (1993 and 1994) and Nasir (1999). To capture the effect of regional differences, a dummy variable is used that takes the value 1 if individual lives in urban areas and zero otherwise. The four provinces of Pakistan exhibit different characteristics in terms of economic as well as social and cultural values.Significant provincial differentials in rates of returns to education have been noted that reflect not only the differences in market opportunities but also indicate uneven expansion of social services across provinces Khan and Irfan (1985) Shabbir and Khan (1991) Shabbir (1993) Shabbir (1994) and Haq (1997). The effects of these differences are captured through the use of dummy variables for each province in the earning function, Sindh being the excluded category. 12 For the purpose of analysis we restrict our sample to wage earners and salaried persons. Our sample contains 4828 individuals.Among them, 4375 are males and 453 are females. send back 1 presents the descriptive statistics of some of the salient features of the important variables. According to the statistics in table 1, average age of the individuals included in the sample is 34 years with 18 years of experience. A typical worker in the sample has completed approximately 10 years of education. A majority is graduated from public schools. Most of the workers live in urban areas. On average an individual earns Rs. 3163 per month. In our sample, there are only 22 percent individuals who received technical training.The average years spent for training are less than one year. A majority of wage earners belong to Punjab, followed by Sindh and Balochistan. Table1 Mean, Standard Deviation and picture Definitions of Important Variables Variables W Age EDU EXP RWA MALE Urban Private Training Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Mean SD Variables Definitions 3163. 34 3397. 39 Individuals monthly earnings in rupees consist of wages and salaries. 34. 07 12. 36 Age of an individual in years. 9. 53 4. 36 Completed years of schooling. 18. 14 11. 80 Total Years of labour market experience calculated as (age-school years-age starting school).2. 37 1. 07 Categorical variables, contains 4 categories of literacy and numeracy. 0. 91 0. 29 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual is male. 0. 60 0. 49 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to urban area 0. 04 0. 19 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual is a graduate of private school 0. 35 0. 87 Completed years of technical training 0. 38 0. 49 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Punjab 0. 31 0. 46 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Sindh 0. 15 0. 36 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to NWFP 0. 16 0.36 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Balochistan 13 IV. Empirical Results The estimated results of equation 1 and equation 2 a re reported in table 2. The highly significant coefficients of school years and experience indicate the applicability of human capital model for Pakistan. An additional year of schooling raises individuals monthly income by 7. 3 percent, which is very close to the prior studies. 12 13 The coefficient of experience shows substantial increase in wages with each additional year. The concavity of age-earnings profile is evident from the negative and significant coefficient of experience squared.The results reveal that an individual with five years of experience earns 31 percent higher wages as compared to non-experience worker. The highest level of earnings is achieved with approximately 30 years of experience. These estimates are relatively low compared to prior studies14. The positive and significant coefficients of gender (0. 401) and regional dummies (0. 178) strengthens the a priori expectation that males earn more than females and earnings are higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas. These estimates are consistent with earlier studies see Arshaf and Ashraf (1993), Khan and Irfan (1985).Furthermore, significant inter-provincial differences in individuals earnings can be observed in the estimated model. Many studies indicate substantial differences in earnings across school levels. For example, van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) noted that an increase of one year in elementary, high and university education causes an increase of 12 percent, 20 percent and 22 percent respectively in 12 The estimated coefficients of school years by Shabbir and Khan (1991), Shabbir (1991), Shabbir (1993) and Shabbir (1994) are found to be in the range of 6 percent to 9.7 percent. 13 The returns to education are calculated by taking the anti-log of 0. 092 (estimated coefficient of completed school years) and subtracting from 1. To convert into percentage, multiply the value by 100. For details, revel see Gujrati (1988) page 149. 14 The difference in the returns to experi ence could be due to the approach adopted by these studies. Most of the studies used age as a proxy for experience see for example Khan and Irfan (1985) Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) and Nasir (1999). Shabbir (1991) used the Mincerian approach to calculate experience.The present study uses factual age of starting school and actual years of education. These information enable us to calculate total years of labor market experience. This approach is also not the perfect alternative for actual experience, as we do not have information about the starting time of the first job. But when compared with other approaches, it is more precise in quantity experience. 14 earnings. In order to examine the returns to education across different school years, we include the information on schooling according to the education system of Pakistan (equation 2).The results reported in column 3 of table 2 show a positive and significant impact of school years at each educational level on earnings. For example , an increase of one year in education at primary level increases the earnings by 3 percent. Similarly, at middle level, one year of schooling brings about an increase of 4 percent in earnings and the total returns to schooling at middle level are 27 percent. Table 2 Earning Function with and without Levels of Education Variables Coefficient s 6. 122 0. 072* 0. 058* -0. 001* 0. 178* 0. 401* 0. 127* -0. 113* -0. 203* 0. 412 t-ratios Coefficient s 6. 380 0. 058* -0.001* 0. 150* 0. 264* 0. 098* -0. 112* -0. 166* 0. 027** 0. 040* 0. 050* 0. 057* 0. 071* 0. 082* 0. 429 t-ratios Coefficient s 6. 342 0. 058* -0. 001* 0. 152* 0. 262* 0. 096* -0. 108* -0. 164* 0. 052* 0. 007 0. 025* 0. 038* 0. 047* 0. 063* 0. 075* 0. 429 t-ratios Constant EDU EXP EXP2 Urban Male Balochistan NWFP Punjab RWA Yrs-Prim Yrs-Mid Yrs-Mat Yrs-Inter Yrs-BA Yrs-Prof Adj R2 148. 91 46. 71 26. 49 -19. 20 10. 31 13. 98 4. 94 -4. 34 -10. 21 92. 03 23. 85 -16. 84 7. 87 8. 15 3. 40 -4. 06 -7. 75 2. 03 5. 07 8. 69 11. 41 16 . 85 21. 98 89. 25 23. 84 -16. 88 7. 98 8. 09 3. 32 -3. 91 -7. 63 2. 41 0. 45 2.45 5. 02 7. 28 11. 47 15. 57 * significant at 99 percent level. ** significant at 95 percent level. One can note higher returns of additional year of schooling for higher educational levels from this table. For example, the returns to masters and professional education (Yrs-Prof) are more than five- 15 times higher than that of primary school years (Yrs-Prim). The results exhibit a difference of 15 percent between primary graduates and illiterates, the excluded category. This category includes illiterates as well as all those who have not obtained any formal schooling but have literacy and numeracy skills15.To further explore the earning differential between primary school graduates and those who never attended school but have literacy and numeracy skills, we have constructed an index RWA that separates illiterates from those who have literacy and numeracy skills. This index takes the value zero if ind ividual does not have any skill 1 if individual has only one skill 2 if individual has two skills and 3 if individual has all three skills. We re-estimated equation 2 with this new variable and the results are reported in column 5 of table 2.According to our expectations, the coefficient of RWA is found not only large (0. 05) in magnitude but also statistically significant at 99 percent level. This indicates that the individuals with all three skills earn 15 percent more than those who have no skill. On the other hand, the coefficient of Yrs-Prim dropped to 0. 007 and became insignificant16. The differential in the earnings of illiterates and those having five years of primary education was 15 percent (0. 03*5=0. 15). This differential however, reduced to approximately 9 percent (0. 007*5+0. 053=8.8) when we include those who have no formal education but have literacy and numeracy skills. These high returns to cognitive skills indicates the willingness of employer to pay higher wage s to the able workers as compared to those who have five or less years of schooling but do not have these skills. Now we examine the effect of technical training and quality of schooling on earnings, first in separate equations and then in a single equation. The impact of technical training on earnings is examined by including years of apprenticeship as continuous variable in our model.The results are reported in column 1 of table 3. The results show a positive and significant impact of technical 15 There are 48 wage earners in our sample who have education less than primary but do not have any of these skill. Whereas we found 76 wage earners who do not have any formal education but have at least one of these skills. 16 This result is consistent with van der Gaag and Vijierberg (1989). 16 Table 3 Earning Functions Impact of Technical Training and School Quality (Separate Functions) Variables Constant EDU EXP EXP2 Urban Male Balochistan NWFP Punjab Train.

Radon Gas Case Study Essay

OBJECTIVEBuild a simple ionization chamber that is capable of detecting moderately low take aims of light beamBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYRadon is a screwcer-causing gas. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets into the air you reside. These radioactive materials spoil into lighter elements, emitting energetic sub-atomic particles in the process, and one of those lighter elements is Radon. Since radon is a august gas, it is chemically inert and doesnt stay bound in the self-colored the way its p bent did. It diffuses right through solids and ends up floating freely in the air. Being a noble gas, radon is fairly harmless(prenominal), itself. You breathe in some radon with every breath but then you breathe it right back out, since it isnt chemically active or electrically perpetrationd. But radon has a short half-life of only rough tetrad days, meaning that about half of it go forth annihilation within four days, producing new, even light er radioactive isotopes of other elements like polonium, lead, and bismuth.Those isotopes keep decaying, until a stable isotope of lead is reached. These radon daughters argon not noble gasses like radon, they are usually ionized when they are produced, and they will readily stick to anything nearby, like healthy lung tissue. They typically have an even shorter half-life than radon and quickly decay inside the lung, kicking out energetic alpha and beta particles that outhouse cause tissue damage and potentially trigger lung cancer. This unfortunate chain of events is referable to the decay chain including a noble gas. Radon gas is considered to be the second leading cause of lung cancer. It can get into any type of construct homes, offices, and schools and result in a high indoor radon level.But, we are intimately likely to get your greatest exposure at home, where we spend most of our time. It typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into your home through c racks and other holes in the foundation. Any home traps radon inside, where it can soma up. Any home may have a radon problem. This means new and old homes, well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements. These are examples where you can find the noble gas1. Cracks in solid floors2. Construction Joints3. Cracks in walls4. Gaps in suspend floors5. Water supplyIt breaks down into solid radioactive elements called radon consequence. Radon progeny can attach to dust and other particles and can be breathed into the lungs. As radon and radon progeny in the air break down, they get hold of off alpha particles, a form of high-energy radiation that can damage our health. Radon daughters will stick to just about anything they encounter, so they are easily collected by drawing air through a dusting cloth with an ordinary fan. After collecting the daughters for about an hour or two, the radiation universe emitted from the cloth due to the further decay of the collected ra dioactive isotopes can be metred with a simple ionization chamber make from an empty coffee can, a single Darlington transistor, and a digital voltmeter.The deceivingly simple ion chamber is quite sensitive and can detect radon daughters in buildings with radon concentrations below the action level recommended by health authorities. A simple ionization chamber is nothing more than a metal can with a wire inside. When a radioactive particle passes through the air in the chamber, many of the molecules of air are ionized, having electrons knocked loose from the outer atomic shells. Applying a positive voltage on the outer can relative to the internal wire, causes these ions to be attracted to the wire and the free electrons to be attracted to the interior wall of the can. This movement of charge is a tiny current that may be amplified to detect the rate at which ions are being generated, and thereby the rate that radioactive particles are laissez passer through the can. The chamber w ill be detecting mostly betaparticles.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYCopper is an essential element for all known supporting organisms, including humans. You need a small amount of shit in your diet to stay healthy. On average, most people will eat and drink about 1,000 micrograms ( g) of copper per daydrinking water normally contributes approximately 150 g per day. Levels of copper found naturally in ground water and egress water are typically very lowabout 4 g of copper in one liter (L) of water or lesshowever, drinking water may contain higher levels of copper, usually as a result of flowing through copper pipes. High levels of copper can occur if water that is blistering comes in contact with copper plumbing and copper-containing fixtures. Many factors can make water corrosive for copper pipes dissolved salts and minerals, bacteria, and suspended solids, such as sand, sediment, and rust. The level of copper in drinking water increases with the corrosivity of the water and the length of time it remains in contact with the plumbing.If the copper level gets too high, the water may have a metallic taste and you might notice blue or blue-green stains around sinks and plumbing fixtures. It will be highest in the morning because the water will have been exposed to the pipes overnight. If you are being served by a public water system, the owner of the advantage will have results ofcopper sampling, which is a process that has been done in parts of the water-distribution system. In this chemistry science fair project, you will investigate other possible factor in making water corrosive for copper the pH of the water. You will test the theory that acidic water is more corrosive for copper pipes than non-acidic water.In the procedure, dingy copper pennies will be placed in either plain water or in water with acetic acid (vinegar). You may know that newly minted pennies have bright, shinny copper but over time the copper and air react and the pennies build up a layer of copper oxide on them. The copper oxide is the dull, dark coloration on well-used pennies. In this experiment, if the water is corrosive enough to strip off the copper oxide then you will see the progress of the reaction by watching the pennies go from dull and dingy to bright and shiny. The pennies get shiny because the copper oxide is being stripped off by a reaction, which results in increasing levels of copper in the liquid. Unfortunately, water that is corrosive slowly eats away at the vestal copper, as well as at the copper oxide.For houses with corrosive water systems, this can result in elevated levels of copper in the drinking water. On a purely practical level, houses with corrosive water systems might find that their copper pipes are springing leaks, and that the whole house needs to be re-piped with plastic pipes To measure the amount of copper present in the solutions that are used to clean the pennies, you will perform a color-based chemical test. The chemicals for th e test are contained in a small tablet, which is dissolved in water. When the tablet is dissolved, the solution brings reddish-orange. If no copper (or very small amounts of copper) is present, the solution remains reddish-orange. If copper is present, the solution will turn blue.

Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles

This research is base on empirical exploiter trial run data and a sophisticated analysis. It tries to evaluate the validity of applying visual-verbal preferences to an adaptive web-based educational system (AWBES) by examining user trials of a case take. Previous researches are either focused on pragmatic applications or based on inadequate smack sizes.This research goes beyond former ones by employing user trials to collect detailed data and directly raising the core question of the effectiveness of the method. However, the flaws in method setting, data analysis, equivocalness in expatiate and the claimed result stage in doubt the coatings suggested by the study. Method/Procedure In this research, students were firstly labeled as visual, verbal and bimodal learners through a computer test, and then put into chemical groups with acquisition mental abilitys either matched, or deliberately mismatched, or neutral to their acquire tendencys.Then tudents academic performance s were compared to entrance the significance of differences amid groups. Questions were raised when the researchers excluded the verbal users from the statistical analysis due to the extremely small sample size (n=11). The study is supposed to examine triple cognitive styles (visual, verbal, bimodal) therefore without the data of the verbal group, the study is incomplete. The study method is further impaired by two perplexing grouping methods. The first indistinct method states, Neutral students were disposed(p) a mix of visual and verbal ontent, irrespective of their learning style (p. 30). If a bimodal user is randomly situated in a neutral group and given mixed content, then he will actually receive content matching his learning style. Therefore, since he will end up in given content matching his learning style, it will be more hold tor the student to be placed in the matched group. Furthermore, both the matched group and neutral group have the same bimodal users given ne utral table of contents. This leads to a doubt the study result which shows un noniceable academic differences world power be from the similarity of he group members rather than from the invalidity of the utilization.The second questionable method states, Mismatched students were given content that was contrary to their learning style (p. 330). If bimodal users are placed in the mismatched group, what content should be provided to them? Neither visual nor verbal content would be appropriate since they are both partially matched and partially mismatched to a bimodal user and the neutral content would be inappropriate either, since it matches the bimodal users cognitive style and ends up eing against the definition of the mismatched group.A table which illustrates the quantities of three cognitive-styled students distributed into matched/ mismatched/ neutral could help clarify the grouping method. The computer test which distributed students into cognitive groups should employ detai ls and examples of the test and the scoring system to clarify the fairness of the test. As for sampling, the sample size should be adequately enlarged to include an effective verbal sample the post-secondary students are a biased group which cant worthy the variety of people.The learning module should be studied to see whether it is biased to/against any group/learning style. The quantity of excluded seldom-participating student should be mentioned to allow an exact sample size in the study. Experiment Results The unnoticeable mean differences in Table2 to Table6 reject hypothesises 1, 2 and 3. As for hypothesis 4, in order to reject it, the authors should limpidity why one mean difference (67. 5-60. 0=7. 5) is greater than half of the related standard refraction (1 1. 56112=5. 78) in Table 7, which compares visual, neutral and verbal groups.The explanation, upon testing these statistically, there is actually no significance between them (p. 333) is ambiguous. Thus, the mean diff erences are not unanimously consistent with the result claimed by the authors that neither the cognitive styles of students nor contents differentiated by the styles contribute to make significant differences in students academic performance. The p values from the statistical analysis (p=. 62, p=. 63, p=. 67) are substantially greater than the low p value (less than . 05 or better less than . 01).The high p values raise the question that the sample selection might lack diversity, and may then further affected the result of the study. Discussion The authors conclusion that matched/ mismatched learning materials dont contribute to students learning effect, is not consistent with the aforeclaimed conclusion which concerns the effect of visual and bimodal styles of students and contents. The authors psychological conclusion that cognitive styles per se are not a validate means of personalising the learning experience is not completely consistent ith the result which only concerns visual and bimodal styles.

A view on Edward Snowden’s case Essay

American security consultant working for NSA on behalf of Booz Hamilton consulting Leaked excrete secret US and UK govt surveillance programs data to press bcoz of his conscience Charges on him of espionage, theft of govt property.Leaked it to Guardian. Also, Nuremberg 1945 act says that individuals be in possession of international duties that transcend national obligations of obedience. Therefore individuals have the duty to violate domestic laws to prevent crimes against philanthropy Daniel Ellsberg did similar expose in 1971, releasing US decisions on Vietnam war, and was also awarded in 1978 Gandhi Peace respect.These Pentagon papers revealed that US knew it was gonna lose the war and that casualties would be higher if it continued. Snowden applied for political asylum in 20 countries but each was indirectly threatened by US. A hero, dissident, traitor, whistle-blower, and a patriot.Snowden made touch with The Guardian in late 2012. Left Hawaii for Hong Kong on May 20, 201 3. Iceland was his choice but could not make it coz of fear of being interdicted. A 5min movie Verax was also made showing his successful concealment in Hong Kong 20 applications for asylum.Temporary asylum of 1year in Russia which could be renewed annually. Granted on awful 1stReactionsUS National Intelligence chief calls it reckless.Obama dismisses him but still calls him no patriot and Americans were break off off without knowing about the surveillance activities. Also, NI chief says it was good coz we needed the debate on secutiry vs privacy since long-time.Bt LAVABIT, an email service provider used by Snowden had to be shutdown after they mat they were going against the grain of being for the peopleWhat makes us different from other countries is not simply our big businessman to secure our nation, Obama said. Its the way we do it, with promiscuous debate and democratic process. If thats so, then Edward Snowden should be hailed as ahero. Theres simply no doubtfulness that his leaks led to more open debate and more democratic process than wouldve existed otherwise.Obama reluctantly admitted as much. Theres no doubt that Mr. Snowdens leaks triggered a much more rapid and passionate response than would have been the case if I had simply appointed this review board, he said, though he also argued that absent Snowden, we would have gotten to the corresponding place, and we would have done so without putting at risk our national security and some in truth vital ways that we are able to get intelligence that we need to secure the country.

Accounting Treatment of Intangible Assets

news report Treatment of nonphysical As limit Draft Pace University ACC692 summer I By Yigal Rechtman July 30, 2001 Introduction What is the problem? accounting for impalpables has gained prominence in the erstwhile(prenominal) few decades referable to changes in the direction the business world operates. The technological revolution and in particular, the culture age, has brought impalpable resources to the onward of the business environment.Businesses ( even the most traditional production manufacturers ( be moving towards an education age where a competitive run into is increasingly linked to resources nearly reason(a) than the fixed and liquid assets as netherstood by princip eithery Accepted Accounting Principles (generally accepted story principles). Some look into has shown that account for impalpable asset additions (IA) a usual landmark that leave be delimit and separated later allow for fulfill the accuracy requirement of the story functions a nd reports. Other research has shown that accuracy ordain expect to be traded off with relevance of the accounting functions and reports. understood some early(a) research claims that n both accuracy nor relevance argon served by accounting for resources that do non meet the actual definitions of Assets under generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, thither ar dickens questions regarding the accounting for IA 1. Should the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles recognize as fiscally relevant and accurate final results that a testify from IA? 2. How should generally accepted accounting principles account, process and present these IA relate events (if the answer to question summate 1 is positive. ) Question number one is answered in the positive the innovation of IA in the electric current business environment is proven in repeated investigations.Further, the economic effects of IA on corporations has shown that non disclosing or accounting for much(pr enominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) resources amounts to miscomunications regarding the activity and fiscal state of a business. The research that was utilise in this composition has shown that impalpable alternatives atomic number 18 increasingly a factor in the business world. intangible resources, as lead be addressed below, is a super-set group of strategic elements that contribute to the success of a business. IA, in turn is a sub-set of the Intangible Resources.The paper intends to explore the current range of thinking relative to IA and how such resources should be pryd, accepted and presented in the pecuniary account of U. S. companies. The question of how to account for IA poses contrary challenges, some of them tie in back to the answer of the first question. As this paper will show, recognizing IA on an entity(s books underside be seen as a natural next step, especially for authoritative(a) familiarity industry part businesses. However, the challenges to the issue of credit rating remain how to determine IA in a meaningful manner?How to report IA and what argon the potential out appendage of alternative accounting discussions? Scope and Method of Exploring the ProblemScope and Method of Exploring the Problem The process of finding information approximately the topics relating to IA, and obtaining an understanding of the issues, involved an introduction by means of participating in a conference on the subject and obtaining complimentary readings of published articles. The Third Annual assembly on Intangible Assets, sponsored by sunrise(prenominal) York University(s Ross Institute produced a documentary of the first appearances, which were used in this paper.Additional published material was obtained through the ABI-Inform data posterior, by searching for (Intangible Assets(, (Intangible Accounting( as well as (Assets Valuation( and (Appraisal, Intangibles( for the years 1976-2000? i. The search was limited to articles open in replete form on line (versus articles in which tho the abstract is getable on line. ) This paper refers to twenty dollar bill articles that were obtained through ABI-Inform and ten articles from presenters at the NYU(s conference.Two flecks should be made in terms of the ground of the treatment. First, the discussion includes IA as it is captured and presented for immaterial, possibly audited, users of the entity(s comprehensive fiscal financial parameters. Unless other stated, financial program lines herein ar presented with conformity of get together States( Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP). inwardly the latter confines, estimates such as amortization and useful life of an Intangible Asset (IA), although a sensible issue, will be generally out of the cathode-ray oscilloscope of this paper.The reason for the limitation is that for cash flow manipulations, as well as for match mainsheet analysis, such estimates represent regulatory requirements a nd provide bittie by way of capturing the essence of the issues surrounding IA. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of this paper is to venture out of the confined safety of U. S. GAAP and investigate what other isms are potential for presentation of a Statement of fiscal Position which incorporates intangible assets. The method of this paper consists of discussing the troika criteria which are used to assess the alternatives to accounting IA evaluation, recognition and presentation.Each of these criteria is measured on a scale from 0 to atomic number 6 (alternatively, from 0. 0 to 1. 0) to show the extent of the departure of the alternative from the currently accepted method, commonly the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Because free grace is already an established IA under current accounting rules, it will be discussed first (for each criteria) to show the extent of the living treatment. Although other IA such as gentleman great or Patents exist, they are oft eithe r unaccounted for or merely replaced by a generic (Goodwill( entre on the books.Although they are all intangible resources? ii, it crown be shown that non all are Assets (as define herein). This paper will also explore the possibility that, perhaps intangible assets such as homophile Capital should non be substituted for by the generic (Goodwill( entry. Definitions Some unclear, overlapping and un organize definitions occupy the set of IA issues. in turn, some researchers withstand used in self-consistent definitions of IA, reduce the transparency that accountants and financial experts have to discuss these issues.Although excellent analysis has been published, such research is often not consistent in scope or definition to other frame start and conceptual essays that are contemporarily published. Therefore, aside from giving this (creature( a right name, and calling all its parts victimization the same taxonomy, coupled here from various sources. The dictionary defines IA as (an asset that is saleable though not material or physical(? iii and (Intangible an asset that fucking not be perceived by the senses such as Goodwill or dedication(? .According to the FASB, an congenitally generated IA is proposed to be defined? v as (1) a foregone event that has a (2) measured effect and that presents a (3) afterlife take in. The FASB supererogatory Report? vi states that thither is not a sine qua non for different rules of recognition for internally and externally generated IA. The FASB clarifies that internally generated IA is simply an (Asset( without a physical presence, nor does have to it be an external acquisition as long as all triad tests are conformed with, some(prenominal) business event or process rear produce an IA.The FASB further notes that in that respect is an embedded conflict in this definition because it contains a departure from the ( diachronic terms( principle. The move to a (forward looking( definition is defended by the FASB in making an argument for further revealing, not a modification for the format and content of the existing presentation rules. In this presentation, for the purpose of defining IA (internally or externally generated) the FASB definition will be applicable. smart Capital (IC) A business entity uses common chord types of capital physical, financial and intellectual? vii. rational capital (IC) is defined as an intangible asset that is not financial or physical and that has been ( adjudge, captured and supplementd to produce a higher- leverd asset(? viii. The raw material, captured and formalized in the process of capitalization of IC, is knowledge. Knowledge resides in spite of appearance an individual, a group of individuals or entity-wide. Knowledge that is mental synthesisd in a formal manner (usually with an information sy al-Qaida, considerrized or otherwise) is just data. When it is purposeful and useful, data is considered information. learning made use of is knowl edge? ix, which underside become an IC. In the discussion of IC, several disaggregation of IC exist. For the purpose of this discussion, the next categorization will suffice as (all inclusive(. This paper does not intend to be exhaustive in its definitions. It gage be shown that other good examples of IC erect be found (and the definition extended) without diluting the effect of the issues at hand. The classification proposed in this paper uses the following examples of IC Human Capital, Intellectual Capital and Structural Capital.Human Capital (HC) is arguably the most elusive from accounting for in financial or quantitative terms. Some? x solicit that HC is the most active set driver in the business world today. Intellectual Capital (InC) has been at times presented under different names, too (Patents and brand names? xi( or Social Capital (the latter is a definition of a hybrid of Human Capital and Organizational Capital. ) InC, abstractly is intellectual property that un derstructure from (or relate to) innovation inside the entity(s business.Structural Capital (SC) can be wear out described that defined SC is all leverage that can be described in terms of the relation backships of functions within the organic law and the leverage of entities outside the organization. For example, a customer base relationship qualified or quantified is a SC that can be portrayed as an external relationship an Enterprise Resource Plan (ERP) that allows departments within a company to facilitate resource allocation is an instance of SC. Goodwill Goodwill is arguably the most conforming IA to GAAP It is the excess of Fair shelter (FV) over Book regard as in a purchase act.Currently, treatment of any of IA has been confined to Goodwill produced on the difference sheet from acquisition under the purchase method. As the only if allowed IA capitalization, Goodwill appear in many studies pertaining account for IA. For GAAP purposes, three tests are applied to all ow recognition of an event as an Asset 1. the event is a past-event, 2. it is measurable and 3. it contains probable future benefit. Goodwill passes the (past event(, (measurable effect( and (future benefit( tests.The reason Goodwill can be seen as a past event is that it is easy to date the creation of an acquisition under the purchase method where the fair grade (FV) of an acquired entity is lower than the adjusted basis (AB) to the acquiring entity. Goodwill arising from a consolidation, merger or takeover transaction has produced inconsistent definitions of the (other( classes of IA. For example, at times a well trained workforce is describe plainly as (un accepted Goodwill( due to the disallowed recognition under GAAP (the proper classification for such a workforce is HC).Although this paper is not intended to disprove these notions, definition clarification can aid in seeing the general direction of accounting for IA Evaluating executable answers to the question of Accounti ng Treatment of Intangible Assets Treatment by an accounting method is found on Measurement, credit and Reporting dimensions. In order to present these dimensions, this paper will attempt to survey the range of possibilities and maculation them on three dimensional coordinate axises of possibilities 0 organism the most conservative conduct and 100 being the most (daring( in terms of relevance and accuracy.Thus, the treatment of IA can create a multi-dimensional pile of the accounting classification, account and even auditing. Imagine a three dimensional cube with an X, Y and Z axises. On the X axis spread are the ideas most recognition of IA. On the Y axis we shall plot the various metrics ( measuring) that are proposed for IA. Finally on the Z axis will lie the proposed solutions for the presentation aspects of IA. The difference surrounded by recognition and metrics should be explored further metrics are the regulates upon which, ultimately, monetary amounts are made avai lable for classification. information, on the other hand, are the issues that mandate the accounting perspective of the monetary (and possibly non-monetary, too) information that can be captured. The matter of presentation touches on the financial statement and the apocalypse issues that surround IA. Measuring and Valuing Intangible Assets Goodwill measuring is the only existing allowed GAAP-related event. The measurability of future benefit from Goodwill is based on known measures of financial events, videlicet the Adjusted Basis (also known as Book Value, or AB) and the Fair Value (FV). In a Goodwill event, the FV is the purchase price.The AB amount is discernable the FV amount can arguably be changed harmonise to commercialise and strategic conditions. This discussion will assume, however, that FV is a fixed amount, available to accountants and the earth. Therefore, Goodwill is an excess between twain set amounts, Fair Value (of assets acquired) and Adjusted Basis (paid by acquiring entity). By definition, this is a measurable amount. originalizing Goodwill can be stated this way the reason an acquiring entity is willing to stipend more for the acquired entity more than the estimated assets( FV is because of difference of assumptions in the definitions of FV.Therefore, the FV to the acquiring corporation is different than the FV to the acquired corporation the former sees future cash flow that is great than the cash flow seen by fundamental look at the sense of equilibrium sheet of the acquired entity. In a sense, this is a statement about the abide by of the effect of (gamma( ( the effect of (growth( ( in the example given elsewhere in this paper (see Appendix). Thus, the acquiring entity sees a measurable amount of influx of cash that can justify the excessive damage up front. Current research indicates that IA and, in general, non-financial events are measurable.The main conflict is deciding on which good example to rely on, and moreover, which stupefy to use as a standard measurement. The problem with measuring IA is that such measurements are too specific to an industry and perhaps to a particular entity. investigate yields plenty of data showing how measurements can be conjured up to measure certain non-financial, intangible events. For example, measurements models exist to quantify information? xii, or the comfort of business alliances? xiii, et cetera. These models show that values of quantity, rate of growth and other statistics can be obtained at a feasible cost? xiv (existing techniques and expanded use of nonfinancial metrics seem to offer a more cost effective solution. ( However, the FASB Special Report states that making such copyrighted measurements useful for general purpose accounting and financial reporting is not likely. The problem with value models or future-inflow metrics is that they are estimates. Like depreciation schedules, valuation methods are based on assumptions. Because they often inc lude not just one or two variables but numerous independent variables, the number of assumptions grow at least in linear proportion to the number of variables.For example, a Human Resource valuation model by Skandia, an insurance and financial corporation (Sweden) has been criticized for having up to 140 variables? xv. Unlike depreciation, which requires disclosure of one or two assumptions, disclosure of such complex models, even if they include only 5 to 10 variables, can be quite unfriendly to the user. Furthermore, a multi-variable model is generally susceptible to greater risk of contradicting of any of the assumptions, leading to invalidating the results of the entire model.Generally, measuring IA is a departure from diachronical cost? 1. GAAP requires that the cost, or past event principle, guide any valuation. This requirement is in keeping with GAAP(s frame work of conservatism. When an IA is appraised in value it becomes a forward-looking measurement which is not compati ble with other elements of GAAP. Future Value is the opposite of the principle of reliability in GAAP determined financial reporting the accuracy of past events reported is the crucial element of its reliability? xvi.However, value projection can be manipulated to create certain effects. For example, a projection can be made by Management (and included in a financial report) about the future effect of a certain meshing domain name that is owned by a company, such as (money. com(. The projection is unique enough that it cannot be verified by other sources. In order to have measurability of IA, a compromise between the forward looking and historic cost principles is sought. Seemingly, past-based and future based measuring can not be consistent.It may be possible however to reconcile the projective nature of valuating IA and the required verification by historic cost in GAAP by creating an appraisal weapon. Arguably, appraisals can be done by means of three approaches? xvii cost, co mparable mart or income. Approaches used in Appraisals Approaches used in Appraisals The cost approach estimates the value of an asset at an arm(s length transaction this approach is inapplicable to IA for example, HC is not measurable or even possible to written report as an (arm(s length( transaction.Goodwill, also by definition, can not be an (arm(s length( transaction because an excess is paid by a purchaser above the FV of an acquired target. Similarly, SC can not be assessed this way because of its unique, untransferable characteristic. The market approach states that appraisals of similar purchased (or sold) goods or services can be a basis for estimating the value of the transferred property. Although a model for HC or InC can be built based on the market appraisals approach, SC can not be fit into a model that includes transferring assets in an exchange.IA of that nature loses its value in such a transfer. The income approach is most fitting to the accounting use in terms of IA. Present Value analysis is available and established within GAAP as a model. Its application in an IA valuation depends on the class of IA. Goodwill, for example, is inherently suited to the income approach valuation the excess over FV represents the purchaser(s belief in enhanced cash in flow over a known (fixed) length of time, such that this inflow will surpass not only the declared FV but also the (higher) purchase price. However, SC has little known useful life, as does in part InC.For example, a distributed wareho exploitation corporate structure, or a Just In Time production process can not have a tenable income based appraised value because their useful life is not known, nor can it be averaged in the same way that for example, investment in employee training (HC) can be. However, HC is not slayly compatible with the income approach, either employee satisfaction and homage (both IAs) are similar in concept to the element of ( liberation concern( because once HC(s u seful life is in doubt, the going concern of the entity is generally in doubt, too.Users of financial statements are often wary of appraisals as they represent at best a range of possibilities. Consequently, an approximation of value diffuses the utility of fundamental analysis of the financial statement in question. At worse, appraisals represent a biased, subjective and diverted view gratuity of the management. Even in an honest attempt to value an IA, a range must by provided or alternatively, a tradeoff measure of (confidence level( accompanies any so-called (fixed( dollar amount. In any way, an Appraisal? xviii does not produce a consistent monetary measure. On the Y axis all appraisals are at the high read unsubstantiated, (daring() end, at Y=90. A ( factual Options( valuation model describes a series of future inflow of cash (or other benefits or desirable effects, such as employee morale) in a recursive manner the first event (event number 1) in the series is an evaluatio n of the chance that a winning beneficial event will come to pass in the second event (event number 2). For events that are not the first event, (Real Options( model defines the event number N+1 as (if event N has been successful to obtain a desired result, evaluation of the possibility of event N+1 to occur is computed, along with the possible benefit of N+1.If event N has a result that is undesirable, the entire process ends. ( So, instead of seeing the model of future cash flow (or desirable result events), a Real Options model does not have a (useful life( but attempts to predict when the series of events will end and what the accumulated result will be. The Real Options model, however weak (in terms of assumptions or addition to understanding of (useful life(), does solves another conflict in measurement of IA the conflict between consistency of an entity-specific measurement and the fair-value approach.The constitute for consistency is that no assumptions are made a-priory t o using the model each step has its own unique scenario and set of assumptions that can be extended and extrapolated by an external user or for internal use? xix. Because it is a projective model where future benefits are based on some assumptions, it can not be much more conservative than any value model conjured up by managers (or auditors). Consequently, (Real Option(s( place on the Y axis is 85. trademarked Value forges Although research abounds with successful examples of special valuation model, the test of consistency is a challenge to these models (1)consistency of measurement over time (because not enough materials have been collected under any particular model) (2)consistency between business units (because the measurements are proprietary and a valuation model that fits an insurance corporation(s will be likely mot fit for a flower-delivery corporation or even an academic institution).And (3)consistency with GAAP although these measurements are all non-GAAP compliant, b y definition of this discussion, they do not rely on GAAP in their assumption. These models often use non-financial reporting assumptions that puts them closer to cost accounting than to financial accounting. For example, banks and lending institutions use proprietary value models to assess credit worthiness of certain IA-laden companies? xx, although these valuations are typically limited to IA such as patents or copyrights because they have leverage in sellable or contractual terms? xxi.Simply indicating to the user ( external or internal ( that certain valuation is (estimated( or (based on a model( without specifying the assumptions, can lead rendering the valuation an act of providing useless or mis-stated financial value. An abstract standard setting is required to fulfill the task of measuring IA. Attribution of Income IA can be attributed and acknowledge by measuring normalized operating income and subtracting the portion of income attributable to other classes of assets. T his is a generalized value model that is based on fewer assumptions. It, too, can be located at Y=100. backchat of examining the range of measurements available for Intangible Assets On the axis of measurement (Y in this paper), some possible phases can be plotted first, measuring cost is the GAAP put ond method (Y=0). For example, historic cost of training, benefits and other outlays of resources can be aggregated to measuring the intangible value of Human Capital, as an asset. Of course, whether such measurement can be recognized or reported must be construed on the respective X and Z axis, as presented elsewhere herein. The historic cost measurement will be on the 0 point of the Y axis (Measurement).In contrast, at the maximum point on the Y axis (Y=100), we plot the concept that allows any proprietary value model. Whether it is acceptable as consistent (read GAAP compliant) or not, value models are available for managers and users of financial information on any IA-based event . Data mining and computer-oriented accounting information system make creating such models a relatively easy task, albeit a proprietary tool for the reporting entity or industry. Appraisals were often hailed as the magic bullet for such metric setting and some strength set that to be the magic (Y=50( on the Y axis.But, as shown earlier in this presentation, appraisals are simply value models that have been warranted or certified and are founded on their own (multiple) assumptions. Because applying the right mix of different appraisals methods, human thought and experience causes variation in the consistency of this valuation? xxii, appraisals can not be a consistent or reliable method of measuring IA. Thus, appraising an IA receives a mark of 90 on the Y axis. As alternative of future benefit inflow models, a (real- creams( model is also available to some small relief of the issues.Real Options, too is set at Y=90. Recognition of Intangible Assets Recognition of Intangible Assets There exists a notion that recognizing IA is a threat to proper disclosure of current period expenditures capitalization of certain outlays can be seen as a scheme for expense deferral, intentional to enhance the perceived value to creditors (shareholders et al). Proper classification, processing and reporting structures designed to deter such outlaw(a) reporting can be effective. Overall, requiring supernumerary disclosure can only enhance the utility of the financial report to its users.On the other hand, it is easy to prove logically (see Appendix) that IA should be recognized, assuming that it can be properly and consistently measured. The argument for capitalization essentially shows that if one assumes that (1) A company must have a growth factor ((gamma() in its assets in order to survive (2) Outlays of assets (cash) in period N reduces equity in period N (3) If (gamma( is present then recognizing outlays as expenses in period N understates Equity in period N Therefore, the recognition of expenses is inaccurate, and the capitalization of these outlays is required.In this paper, the X axis will become the range of possible recognition treatments of IA. In general, several points of view are identifiable on this axis. Currently, GAAP does not allow for recognition of IA (except Goodwill from purchase transaction) either because of the control test? xxiii or because of the measurability test (measurability pertains to the Y axis in this model). An opposing view is presented states in essence that IA are either any excess of market value over book value, or that earned income, before depreciation, amortization, and taxes (or some other similar representation of operating income) can be allocated(? xxiv to the different asset classes fixed, financial and intangible. Finally, using a roll in the hayly projectionist method future cash flow as the value of an IA (perhaps in conjugation to subtracting the adjusted-basis and adding the brass value) magnat e allow non-GAAP recognition of an such an IA. GAAP Recognition Currently GAAP contains no recognition of IA, other than Goodwill as provided by GAAP. As discussed in the measurement subsection, above, Goodwill is recognized only under certain purchases where certain tests of the excess of FV over AB are present, giving rise to Goodwill.However, Goodwill is often realized and recognized when another class of IA should be created, instead. Goodwill is realized and recognized due to an excess of a purchase consideration over FV (GAAP). This excess, however can be disaggregated or classified more finely than simply calling it Goodwill Take for example a sibyllic acquisition of a Value Added Network (VAN) provider by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The former provides the communication tools, the phone lines and the data traffic from customer(s homes to the Internet.The latter, the Internet Service Provider, can benefit from this acquisition by avoiding renting the VAN(s and inste ad capitalizing on the acquisition(s future cash in flows. Moreover, the ISP can direct its customer base to use VAN as a preferred channel, creating certain loyalties, flexibility (for the customers) and other added value benefits. assumptive under GAAP that the ISP paid the VAN(s shareholders more than the FV of their stock, an entry for Goodwill is required.However, this entry is a misnomer the Goodwill is not really for the excess value but for the additional structure capital (SC) of the acquiring entity. Mostly, the VAN(s organizational structure can benefit from this excess (only in secondary order is the future cash inflows of the acquired VAN to the ISP. ) Because Goodwill is the only GAAP compliant IA combined with its possible vagueness or generality, it receives a position of 0 on the X axis.Recognizing only Marketable IA This method allows for some latitude in recognizing certain IA, for example, patents, copyrights, and contractual leverage (with employees, supplier s or customers). Using this method excludes most internally generated IA because their effect is not legally binding. Recognizing IA based on their enforcability and to some degree, marketability gets placed at X=50. Recognizing tout ensemble Events Some knowledge based essays argue that all events in a business entity is one of IA. As such, all otherwise not measured events can be considered intangible and once measured, recognized on the entity(s books.Because it is the most relaxed method, recognizing all non-financial events in an index or model of fair value? xxv obtains X=100. Recapitulate Valuation & Recognition Valuation and Recognition of IA has yielded a two dimensional plain on which different methods are available. At the most conservative level, GAAP driven, is the point (X=0,Y=0) which asserts that measuring asset must be according to the past-event principle (historic cost) and that with the exception of Goodwill, no internally or externally generated IA are accounte d for.Departing from this basis, on the valuation scale (the Y axis) are proposed method of measuring the value of IA ((future cash flow(, (appraisal( or (real-option( models) make an interesting combination. For example, assume the point (X=0,Y=100) on the X,Y plain is proposed and accepted. This means that a only historic cost (X=0) is realized and yet, that future cash flow (Y=100) is used for measuring the value of these asset. Thus, any hybrid of such a nature (cell D in the defer I) of conventional measurement and unconventional recognition poses the challenge to the third axis in this paper presentation of IA. Recognition X=0 X=50 X=100 Valuation (A) (B) (C) Y=0 ( IA not recognized? 2 ( require IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( past Cost market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA ( Historic Cost events ( Historic Cost Y=85 (D) (E) (F) ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized , if not ( Real option valuation model market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA ( Real option valuation model events ( Real option valuation model Y=90 (G) (H) (I) ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( Appraisal (cost, market, income market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA approaches) ( Appraisal (cost, market, income events approaches) ( Appraisal (cost, market, income approaches) Y=100 (J) (K) (L) ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( Proprietary Value Model market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA ( Proprietary Value Model events ( Proprietary Value Model Table I Intersection of measurement and recognition approaches for IA? 3 Presentation of Intangible AssetsThe issue of possible presentation of IA as part of a financial statement must be addressed by the Reporting utilization that such a report co ntains. Not specifically within the scope of GAAP(s IA (other than Goodwill) are vaguely disclosed in the financial statement. As research shows, some Securities and deputise Commission regulated corporations disclose Goodwill in aggregated format, while others disclose the underlying detail. Moreover, the other (disclosure( of IA, specifically to the external user, is done by the Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) that accompanies most financial statements of publically held entities. However, MD&A is a really only another form of appraisal, and not unbiased at that, in relation to IA valuation.In reference to accounting for IA, MD&A is inapplicable as translation of the value, structure and other forms of unclassified (and unaudited) material statement can become vague in its pass to external users. It is grievous to note that the internal users of a financial statement are slightly better equipped to properly ascertain the message in the financial report internal acco unting practices, cost management and non-financial reporting facilities can aid an internal user to better gauge the weight and setting of an IA reference within the financial statement, be it a Goodwill or otherwise disclosed IA. The current GAAP disclosure practice (but not requirement) is at the lower end of the Z axis (Z=0). to a lower place GAAP, a balance sheet of a corporation that might have intangible resources at its disposal might be presented in the following way (example 1) Balance Sheet, GAAP Driven Assets $1000 Liabilities (100) Equity (900) Example 1 GAAP Driven Balance SheetComplete inclusion of any intangible resource available to a company is in contrast to the current GAAP treatment. A plump out inclusion of non-required disclosure of IA is at the farthest end of the Z axis the concept of full consolidation of IA in the financial reporting (Z=100) . Of course, this in itself is a valid notion because full disclosure of IA represents expressi ng in the main relevant information to the user of the financial report. ? 4 Relevance however, has a trade off with accuracy. The relevance of including any and all IA in a financial statement might hinder on its accuracy the example below makes this point. blanket(a) integration of IA in a financial report can lead to a balance sheet of the following format (example 2) With Considering IA, Complete Inclusion Assets $1500 (capture events related to both tangible and intangible resources) Liabilities (100) Equity (1500) Example 2 Complete Inclusion driven Balance Sheet A possible over-statement of Assets by $500 exists under a complete inclusion method, which is most permissive in relation to GAAP. This type of presentation contains all resource-based events pertaining to the business at hand. It includes both financial and non-financial events pertaining to the entity. Some of this superset(s contents are IA that are externally or internally generated. For exam ple, employee loyalty or positive media coverage are non financial events that affect its financial position.A possible reconciliation between the requirements to present certain financial statement elements (such as fixed assets, financial assets, current and non current liabilities, shareholders( capital et cetera) can be obtained in a tiered financial report. The concept behind a tiered financial report is that the core of any financial report must be GAAP driven. Its benefit to any user must save in order to provide consistent, accurate and standardized language of communication of a financial position. Within this core, GAAP reporting is one where the balance sheet presents the assets and the claims against them. This fundament is in turn included in a larger set which can include not only cost-related assets but value driven assets, i. e. IA. Conceptually, IA that provide a growth factor (recall gamma 1) is meaningful to the financial position of the reporting entity.For exam ple, calculate an internally generated IA such as organizational structure or shared knowledge exist (assuming it can be valued and recognized). Under GAAP IA are not attributed to growth of several periods (by definition, growth is the adjoin of the value of an asset between successive periods). However, for the users of the financial statement, the information about such growth is important in making educated decision about the going concern and prospects of the entity. Thus, the compromise format of financially reportable events includes a degree of IA-related events that can affect a reasonable user(s decision-making process. This type of reporting mechanism is about mid-way between GAAP and Non-GAAP reporting format, at Z=50.An example of a tiered balance sheet follows (example 3) Without Considering IA With Considering IA, Tiered Format N/A Intangible Asset $300 (Note Recognize IA events based on historical ost) Assets $1000 Assets 1000 Liabilitie s (100) Liabilities (100) Equity (900) Equity (900) N/A Equity Attributed to Intangible Asset (300) Example 3 (Padded( Balance SheetIn essence, this type of (padding( of a balance sheet is derived from the set concept introduced above. The (core( statement, consisting only of Asset, Liabilities and Equity, remains intact. An extended set of financial events allow further disclosure of the financial effect of IA (in this example, by using the most aggressive GAAP-departure valuation method). Recapitulate Recognition and DisclosureRecapitulate Recognition and Disclosure Just as Valuation and Recognition can be plotted on a two dimensional plain, so can the axis of Recognition and Disclosure. Overall, the X,Y and Z axis allow us to examine the problem at hand on a three-dimensional basis.The intersection point of the Recognition alternatives in relation to the Disclosure alternatives follows Recognition X=0 X=50 X=100 Disclosure (M) (N) (O) Z=0 ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( No GAAP required Disclosure, market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA events only discretionary MD&A ( No GAAP required Disclosure, only ( No GAAP required Disclosure, only discretionary MD&A. discretionary MD&A Z=50 (P) (Q) (R) ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( well-worn ((Padded() Financial market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA events Report ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report. ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report Z=100 (S) (T) (U) ( IA not recognized ( Select IA recognized, based on ( All events recognized, if not ( expert financial incorporation market, contractual. classified elsewhere they are IA events of IA undefined ( Full financial incorporation of IA. ( Full financial incorporation of IA Table IIIntersection of measurement and reporting approaches for IA. Cells M-U describe the X, Z plain (the letter are assigned sequentially).To complement tables I and II, the intersection of valuation alternatives and disclosure methods available are included in Table III Disclosure Z=0 Z=50 Z=100 Valuation (V) (W). (A1) Y=0 ( No GAAP required Disclosure, ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report. ( Full financial incorporation of IA only discretionary MD&A discretionary MD&A. ( Historic Cost ( Historic Cost ( Historic Cost Y=85 (A2) (A3) (A4) ( No GAAP required Disclosure, ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report. ( Full financial incorporation of IA only discretionary MD&A ( Real option valuation model ( Real option valuation model ( Real option valuation model Y=90 (A5) (A6) (A7) ( No GAAP required Disclosure, ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report. ( Full financial incorporation of IA only discretionary MD&A ( Appraisal (cost, market, income ( Appraisal (cost, market, income ( Appraisal (cost, market, approaches) approaches) income approaches) Y=100 (A8) (A9) (B1) ( No GAAP required Disclosure, ( Tired ((Padded() Financial Report. ( Full financial incorporation of IA only discretionary MD&A ( Proprietary Value Model ( Proprietary Value Model ( Proprietary Value Model Table IIIIntersection of measurement and disclosure approaches for IA. DiscussionDiscussion The problem of Intangible Assets revisitedConceptually, the accounting for IA is at the heart of the framework that links the Balance Sheet and the Income Statement at its core the balance sheet is a statement of resources while the income statement is a an expression of the utilization of these resources (tangible or otherwise available to the entity). Coupled, the traditional balance sheet and income statement includes only tangible resources. However, the traditional Income Statement includes activities that stem from using all available resources. In the asymmetry lies the reason for inclusion of IA resources on the Balance Sheet. For example, outflows for wages is often the single largest expense of a corporation. Yet, employee knowledge, or other types of Human Capital are seldom disclosed. Further, any activities that are profitable, i. e. where the growth factor ((gamma() is greater than 1, are attributed only the tangible resources. Classes of Intangible AssetsIA can be divided to two classes resources that are within the control of the organization and resources that are only part within the control of the organization. To maintain a mathematic model, we can introduce OC, Organizational Control, such that For IA such as Customer Base and Customer Relations Index, Vendors( Credit and Trust, Internal Production or Service Procedures, OC = 1. 0, i. e. there is complete control over the resource, which is an intangible asset For IA such as Human Skill aim , Employee Satisfaction and public Relation Index ((Public Image(), OC 1. 0. The following is an imaginary yet possible comparison of two companies tha t might have different levels of Organizational Control over their IA, classified according to their business type.Table IV is an illustration of OC levels (Tobacco and food conglomerate((Northeastern Ice-cream Manufacturer( Organization Control take = 1. 0 Customer Base 1. 0 1. Vendor(s Credit 1. 0 1. 0 Internal Production Procedures 1. 0 1. 0 Organization Control Level 1. Human Skill 0. 9 0. 7 Employee Satisfaction 0. 8 0. 8 Public Image 0. 5 0. 9 Table IVThe (determined) values of Organizational Control (OC) over Resources We assume these values derive from internal yet consistent studies and valuation, we can see that for the first three (classified as IA over which the entity has complete control) the OC value remain 1. 0. This simply indicates an existence of an IA (completely within the company(s control). The second group of so called (assets( (or generally resources) are not completely within the control of their respect ive entity. We can say, perhaps, that the ice cream factory workers need less training than the tobacco production plant workers but that they are equally satisfied.Further it is clear that the tobacco conglomerate has less leverage in their public image (OC = 0. 5) than the ice-cream maker (OC=0. 9). The important point about all these resources is that the entities are not controlling the value drivers. Therefore, for example, their public images is different and it can not be enlisted as an (asset( because it is outside the scope of their respective control. ? 5 The three sets of resource group can be summarized as follows The most inner core of assets that are GAAP driven Tangible Assets that are at the core of the Income Statement and Balance Sheet pair. These assets produce tangible activities such as cash (inflow) or products (output).The intermediate outside tier consists of resources that are fully under the control of the entity, thus they can be classified as Assets, alb eit intangible they too produce activity such as competitive edge (HC) and customer loyalty (SC). In contrast to HC and SC, the outmost tier class of resources are intangible resources that are not fully under the control of the entity thus fail the control test of the definition of an Asset. In a sense, the inner set of Balance Sheet and Income Statement represent the fundamental analysis that an external or internal user of these statement might be interested in. Under this framework, fundamental ratios and projections are available in the most traditional sense. Extrapolating from that tier, the resources described as (true( Intangible Assets, i. e. hat they are measurable resources that occurred in the past and are within the entity(s full control, describe the effect of growth and going concern. growing is indicative of innovation or competitive edge, while going concern is more general and encompasses other factors. In this vein it has been shown that IA are a source of both growth and continuity IA are key to strategic planning and success? xxvi. Resources such as reputation, employee know-how, and organizational culture were also linked to success factors of companies? xxvii. Finally, the outer tier of partially controlled resources can be described ( if so wished by the reporting entity ( as additional disclosure of interest to the user of a financial report.The outer tier is only marginally useful because of the lack of full control the reporting entity might have over factors such as public image. It will be interesting to see if the two outer tiers of resources will play out in future disclosure the FASB is now encouraging companies to discloses elements of intangible assets in their financial reports. However, from a review of the two tiers it seems that disclosing resources in the intermediate tier can add to the reporting utilization of the entity(s financial report, perhaps if it is presented in a two tier Balance Sheet ((padded(, described ea rlier). Resources that are not within the complete control of the entity (the outer tier(s elements) will most likely not be disclosed.Assuming a valid and consistent index can be obtained (by an external review, for example), there can be usefulness to disclosing elements of intangible resources which are (true( IA such as index of customer base, customer loyalty and vendors( credit which reflect on a positive (going concern(. In contrast, disclosure of elements such as employee retention, public image and human learning index, can provide external users a marginal utility regarding the activity and prospects of the entity. Conclusion Measurement of IA is the orbital cavity where the disparity is widest (on the Y axis in this discussion(s three dimensions model). The alternatives to historic cost are valuations based on proprietary models or based on certified models. Both alternatives are insufficient because they require judgement which lead to substantial variation.Historic co st is most consistent but inapplicable because it can not measure certain IA such as customer base or affiliations and alliances. Therefore, an allocation approach is suitable computing the ratio of growth in equity to fixed, financial and intangible asset allows measurement of IA at least as a class of resources on the balance sheet statement? xxviii. Further discussion and research is required in order to properly weigh the specific intangible assets within this class, and thus compute the financial value attributed to it. Generally, the emergence of IA and in general, intangible resources, is unavoidable. The accounting profession should treat this type of financial event within its GAAP guidelines and not attempt to preclude it from recognition.Plainly, accounting for IA by including it in the financial statement (specifically, as part of the Balance Sheet) is not helpful to the external user. such(prenominal) recognition will simply inflate the value of corporations and will ca use comparisons to be more difficult and the financial statement viewed more skeptically. However, by methodically presenting IA in a tiered manner, users of the financial statement can view the traditional fundamental (current) GAAP elements as well as supplementary elements. In a sense, allowing companies to literally (pad( their balance sheet with separate IA and IC (Equity due to IA) will put to a (vote( of the external and internal users the concept of systematic disclosure.To wit, instead of a honorable mention in the MD&A section or a buried treasure in the footnotes to the financial statement, disclosing IA on the face of the balance sheet, without reducing its existing utility, might be a solution to the emerging need to report IA as a financial event. References pic pic 11IA are often labeled knowledge assets. Much has been written about a knowledge economy and some attempted to define all resources as knowledge-based. The device in which this is possible is usually illust rated by an example of an organization that can be described all in terms of knowledge. Such zeal is convincing only to the extent that a counter example is not produced. Knowledge is information produced by data and ideas.Transforming knowledge to a benefit producing resource ((value() converts knowledge to an IA. Thus, in terms of scope of valuation of IA, not all business process are considered IA only business processes that have not been measured or presented elsewhere can be considered measurable for purposes of this discussion. 22In all the instances of Y=0, IA is not recognized except for Goodwill in purchase. 33The recent FASB sponsored attempt to account for certain types of IA by rules of annual damage valuation (read appraisal valuation method) is position in box (B( of Table I using historic cost and a (certified) appraisal of fair value of an IA to trigger both valuation and recognition. 44However, (strange bedfellows( effect might occur if we simply plot the Z axis a gainst, say the Y axis (measurement) the point (Y=0, Z=100) yields an IA that (is not recognized (Y=0)( and (integrated in the financial report( (Z=100). Therefore, at least from a practical point of view, these type of pairing with GAAP (Y=0 and Z=100) can not be used for our analysis this point in our exploration model is undefined. 55It is the public, the society in which they operate for example, that determines which company is the (Kind American Corporation( and which is the (Evil American Corporation. ( ii. ABI-Inform is available via the Internet from ProQuest Information and Learning Company. iiii. Accuracy of the yield and direct capitalization methods A twenty-year empirical study of the electric utility industry( Assessment Journal Chicago Richard R Simonds Vol. 6 No. 4 pp. 49-55 iiiiii. Internet available www. dictiornary. com. Source of this citation 1997 Princeton University. iviv. Internet available www. dictionary. com. Citation source The American Heritage lexicon of the English Language, 4th Edition. vv. FASB presentation, Nakamura in 4th Annual Intangible Assets Conference, Ross Institute, impertinent York University, May 2001. vivi. Financial Accounting Standards Board Special Report Business and Financial Reporting, Challenges from the New Economy Wayne S. Upton, junior No. 219-A April 2001 p. x (Executive summery). viivii.Lynn, Bernadette, CMA Intellectual Capital Key to Value added Success in the Next Millennium Society of Management Accountants of Canada, CMA Magazine. getable Internet http//www. cma-canada. org. viiiviii. Lynn, Brenadette. ixix. Data is the superset of information which in turn is the super set of knowledge. Purposeful and formal transition of data to information and information to knowledge, creates Intangible Capital, which can be leveraged. xx. Berry, John MIT, Wharton Search for IT Asset metric Internetweek Manhasset Feb 5, 2001. xixi. ( Brand assets and patents are knowledge assets, not just technology(. Co mpanies May Be Unwittingly Ignoring The Bulk of Their Asset Value Investor Relation Business New York Dec. 3, 1999 p. 4. xiixii. Hal Varian How Much Information is Produced Worldwide? University of Berkeley Presented in the 4th Intangibles Conference at New York University, Stern School of Business, Ross Institute of Accounting Research May 2001. xiiixiii. Christopher Tucci The Value of Collaborations and Alliances New York University Presented in the 4th Intangibles Conference at New York University, Stern School of Business, Ross Institute of Accounting Research May 2001. xivxiv. FASB Special Report Chapter 2. xvxv. John Rutledge, You(re a Fool if You Buy into This One Available ABIinfrom. xvixvi. Alfred M. King, Jay M. heat content Valuing intangible assets through appraisals Strategic Finance Vol. 81, No. 5, Montvale Nov. 1999. pp. 32-37. xviixvii. Alfred M. King, Jay M. Henry, Strategic Finance, Nov. 1999. xviiixviii. Lawrence C. Rose Accuracy of Appraisers and Appraisal Method s of closely Held Companies Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (ET&P) Vol. 17, No. 3 Spring 1993 pp. 21. xixxix. FASB Special Report p. 39 xxxx. Alfred M. King, Jay M. Henry, Strategic Finance, Nov. 1999. xxixxi. Wiley A. Scott, Jr. Borrowers( Intangibles May be Off-Balance-Sheet Gold Commercial Lending Review Vol. 9, No. 3 Boston Summer 1994, pp. 26. xxiixxii. Lawrence C.Rose Accuracy of Appraisers and Appraisal Methods of Closely Held Companies Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (ET&P) Vol. 17, No. 3 Spring 1993 pp. 21. xxiiixxiii. FASB Special Report Chapter 4. xxivxxiv. Lev, Baruch. xxvxxv. IAS 36 defines (value in use( as (future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset. xxvixxvi. Joseph A. Patrick et al Global Leadership Skill and